https://www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html In amputees, the majority of residual limb pain ensues due to neuroma(s). Recently, high-resolution ultrasound (US) has substantially facilitated the morphological evaluation of nerves and the surrounding soft tissues/scars contributory in entrapment syndromes. We reported a 57-year-old male, who had received below-knee amputation due to osteomyelitis three years ago, was seen for continuous stabbing and burning sensation at the left residual limb. US examination showed that the terminal end of the deep peroneal nerve was enlarged and encircled by hypoechoic scars. US-guided hydro-dissection was conducted besides the epineurium of the neuroma. After the injection, the numerical rating scale score decreased from 8 to 3, and the numbness was also relieved when putting on the prosthesis. It is noteworthy that one of the superiorities of dextrose (over corticosteroid) is the possibility to use higher volumes for adhesiolysis of the twisting scars. Herein, treatment success lies in introducing the needle at the upper and lower borders of the neuroma to ensure complete relief of the adhesions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Despite increasing use of ultrasound in obstetrics, the task of accurately identifying fetuses at risk of stillbirth from chronic placental diseases (Kingdom JC, et al. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2018;218S803-17) continues to elude us. Using fetal biometry to calculate an estimated fetal weight (EFW) and plotting it on a growth chart is fraught with potential errors. Recent research clarifies that the Hadlock formula using head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length to calculate EFW performs best and should therefore be used universally (Hammami A, et al. Vol. 52, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2018;535-43). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.The induction of Smad signaling by the extracellular ligand TGF-β promotes tissue plasticity and cell mi