Carotid Cavernous Fistulas (CCFs) are the result of an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and its branches and the venous system of the cavernous sinus. The mainstay of therapy for CCFs consists of transarterial or transvenous embolization, while other treatment options such as open surgery or radiosurgery are still utilized as second-line or adjuvant therapeutic options.
 
  Our aim was to systematically review and summarize available data regarding short- and long-term outcomes of all available treatment modalities for CCFs.
 
  This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A random effects model meta-analysis was conducted.
 
  Fifty-seven studies comprising 1575 patients were included in this systematic review. Transarterial embolization for direct and indirect CCFs offered a complete obliteration rate of 93.93% (N=589/627) and 81.51% (N=119/146), respectively. Transvenous embolization for direct and indirect lesions achieved obliteration in 91.67% (N=33/36) and 86.03mplemented especially within the rapidly expanding realm of endovascular approaches.
  Spontaneous migration of retained intracranial bullet fragments is an increasingly recognized phenomenon. However, such migration is usually limited in extent, since it occurs along the bullet tract or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. Transhemispheric migration through an intact cerebral hemisphere has not been previously reported.
 
  A 20-year old man sustained a gunshot wound (GSW) to the head with a left parieto-occipital entry point, resulting in retained bullet fragments within the anterior right frontal lobe. The patient developed medically refractory intracranial hypertension, necessitating a left decompressive hemicraniectomy. He exhibited a favorable postoperative course, with gradual neurologic recovery, and was ultimately discharged to a rehabilitation facility. Notwithstanding, serial head CT scans during the first 2 weeks revealed gradual transhemispheric migration of bullet fragments from the right frontal pole to the right occipital pole, traveling through largely intact, uninjured brain tissue.
 
  Transhemispheric migration of bullet fragments via intact brain tissue may rarely occur. While the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear, potential factors may include bullet weight, CSF pulsations, dissection through white matter tracts, and biomechanical effects of large skull defects. Bullet migration does not necessarily delay or prevent neurologic recovery.
 Transhemispheric migration of bullet fragments via intact brain tissue may rarely occur.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2643943a.html  While the exact mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear, potential factors may include bullet weight, CSF pulsations, dissection through white matter tracts, and biomechanical effects of large skull defects. Bullet migration does not necessarily delay or prevent neurologic recovery.EEG findings in advanced Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) are shown. A 56-year-old woman developed GSS symptoms and was diagnosed as having GSS with the P102L mutation at age 58. During the early stage, there were no significant EEG findings. Her clinical condition worsened and she developed akinetic mutism at age 62. The patient died of pneumonia at age 65. EEGs were recorded annually from age 61 to 65. Bilateral independent periodic discharges (BIPDs) in both temporal areas appeared at age 64. No clinical seizures were noticed. MEG showed the sharp waves of BIPDs originated independently in each temporal lobe. Other causes of BIPDs were absent.Juvenile crabs of Carcinus maenas thrive in coastal waters reputed to be the receptacle of continental pollution. Amongst the many pollutants encountered, antidepressants, such as fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine (VEN), often detected at the ng•L-1 range, are particularly worrying because of their action on the levels of monoamines, such as serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine. In crustaceans, those monoamines are involved in colour change through their action on neuropeptide hormones. In addition, they are known to have a role in different behaviours, such as locomotion. Both colour change and locomotion are strategies used by juvenile crabs to hide and escape from predators. To investigate if the presence of antidepressants may alter behaviours of ecological importance, juvenile crabs were exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of either 5 ng•L-1 of FLX alone or in combination with VEN at 5 ng•L-1. The ability to change colour depending on the environment and the locomotor activity of juvenile crabs were monitored weekly over 25 days. Animals exposed to antidepressants displayed a different pattern of colour change than the controls, especially those exposed to the combination of FLX and VEN at 5 ng•L-1 each, and were less efficient to adapt to their environment, i.e., they were not as pale and not as dark as controls or crabs exposed to FLX at 5 ng•L-1. Moreover, juvenile crabs exposed to the combination of antidepressants exhibited an enhanced locomotor activity throughout the exposure period with a higher velocity and distance moved as well as more time spend moving. The alteration of cryptic behaviours, such as colour change and locomotion by antidepressants persistently present in marine environment at low concentrations may have an impact on the survival of juvenile of C. maenas on the long term.The present study asks how behavioral (dual-action) demands in dual tasks are mentally represented and whether changes in representation might govern practice-related dual-task performance improvements. Three different representation accounts were empirically tested based on the idea that dual-action demands required in a dual-task trial might be represented in different ways. According to a compositional (Structuralist) account, component tasks remain structurally intact when combined with another task. In contrast, a holistic (Gestalt) account posits that dual-action requirements in dual tasks are represented holistically and entirely distinct from its component action requirements. Finally, a contextual change account assumes that a change in context (e.g., from single- to dual-action requirement) generally impedes response retrieval, similar to repeating a response while the task context switches. To address this issue, we analyzed trial-by-trial effects in a single/dual switch paradigm (SDS paradigm, involving a randomized mix of single- and dual-task trials within blocks).