The next wave of colonization likely occurred approximately 100,000years ago. The inferred origins of several human-introduced populations showed that introduction occurred mainly from nearby habitats. We also found a new habitat of the three-spined stickleback sympatric with the Japan Sea stickleback (Gasterosteus nipponicus).
 
  These Japanese stickleback systems differ from those in the Pacific Northwest of North America and northern Europe in terms of divergence time and history. Stickleback populations in the Japanese Archipelago offer valuable opportunities to study diverse evolutionary processes in historical and contemporary timescales.
 These Japanese stickleback systems differ from those in the Pacific Northwest of North America and northern Europe in terms of divergence time and history. Stickleback populations in the Japanese Archipelago offer valuable opportunities to study diverse evolutionary processes in historical and contemporary timescales.
  Plants are easily affected by temperature variations, and high temperature (heat stress) and low temperature (cold stress) will lead to poor plant development and reduce crop yields. Therefore, it is very important to identify resistance genes for improving the ability of plants to resist heat stress or cold stress by using modern biotechnology. Members of the C-repeat binding factor/Dehydration responsive element-binding 1 (CBF/DREB1) protein family are related to the stress resistance of many plant species. These proteins affect the growth and development of plants and play vital roles during environmental stress (cold, heat, drought, salt, etc.). In this study, we identified CBF/DREB1 genes from 43 plant species (including algae, moss, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms) by using bioinformatic methods to clarify the characteristics of the CBF/DREB1 protein family members and their functions in potato under heat and cold stresses.
 
  In this study, we identified 292 CBF/DREB1 proteins from 43 plant species. Hin potato.
 
  Overall, members of the CBF/DREB1 protein family exist only in angiosperms and plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. In addition, the CBF/DREB1 protein family is related to the heat and cold resistance of potato. Our research revealed the evolution of the CBF/DREB1 family, and is useful for studying the precise functions of the CBF/DREB1 proteins when the plants are developing and are under temperature stress.
 Overall, members of the CBF/DREB1 protein family exist only in angiosperms and plays an important role in the growth and development of plants.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-3543.html  In addition, the CBF/DREB1 protein family is related to the heat and cold resistance of potato. Our research revealed the evolution of the CBF/DREB1 family, and is useful for studying the precise functions of the CBF/DREB1 proteins when the plants are developing and are under temperature stress.
  Anthracnose is a damaging disease of sorghum caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum. Genome-wide mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiles of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes were studied to understand components of immune responses, and fungal induced miRNA and target gene networks.
 
  A total of 18 mRNA and 12 miRNA libraries from resistant and susceptible sorghum lines were sequenced prior to and after inoculation with C. sublineolum. Significant differences in transcriptomes of the susceptible and resistant genotypes were observed with dispersion distance and hierarchical cluster tree analyses. Of the total 33,032 genes predicted in the sorghum genome, 19,593 were induced by C. sublineolum, and 15,512 were differentially expressed (DEGs) between the two genotypes. The resistant line was marked by significant reprogramming of the transcriptome at 24 h post inoculation (hpi), and a decrease at 48 hpi, whereas the susceptible line displayed continued changes in gene expression concordaith the corresponding miRNAs.
 
  We provide insights into genome wide dynamics of mRNA and miRNA profiles, biological and cellular processes underlying host responses to fungal infection in sorghum. Resistance is correlated with early transcriptional reprogramming of genes in various pathways. Fungal induced genes, miRNAs and their targets with a potential function in host responses to anthracnose were identified, opening avenues for genetic dissection of resistance mechanisms.
 We provide insights into genome wide dynamics of mRNA and miRNA profiles, biological and cellular processes underlying host responses to fungal infection in sorghum. Resistance is correlated with early transcriptional reprogramming of genes in various pathways. Fungal induced genes, miRNAs and their targets with a potential function in host responses to anthracnose were identified, opening avenues for genetic dissection of resistance mechanisms.
  The Hong Kong government has launched the Elderly Health Care Voucher (EHCV) scheme to facilitate primary care in the private sector for older adults. This study aimed to examine whether voucher use was associated with a shift of healthcare burden from the public to the private sector, vaccine uptake and continuity of care.
 
  This cross-sectional survey recruited older adults with ≥3 chronic diseases through convenience sampling from seven general outpatient clinics, seven geriatric day hospitals, and five specialist outpatient clinics of the public healthcare sector in Hong Kong. We used multiple logistic regression to address the study objective.
 
  A total of 1032 patients participated in the survey. We included 714 participants aged 70 or above in the analysis. EHCV use was associated with higher utilization of private primary care services, including general practitioner and family doctor (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 2.67, 95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) 1.51-4.72) and Chinese medicine clinic (AOR 3.53, 95%CI 1.47-8.49). There were no significant associations of EHCV use with public general outpatient clinic attendance, Accident & Emergency attendance, and hospitalization. Furthermore, EHCV users were more likely to receive pneumococcal vaccination (AOR 2.17, 95%CI 1.22-3.85) and were less likely to visit the same doctors for chronic disease management (AOR 0.10, 95%CI 0.01-0.73).
 
  While the EHCV may promote private primary care utilization and preventive care, older patients continue to rely on public services and the EHCV may worsen continuity of care. Policy-makers should designate voucher usage for chronic disease management and continuity of care.
 While the EHCV may promote private primary care utilization and preventive care, older patients continue to rely on public services and the EHCV may worsen continuity of care. Policy-makers should designate voucher usage for chronic disease management and continuity of care.