https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CUDC-101.html The United States is now experiencing public health catastrophe on a scale we have not seen for more than a century. COVID-19 puts into stark relief our mutual obligations that reflect our interdependence as participants in a common society. Drawing on the work of Amartya Sen concerning famine and related challenges, I discuss the accompanying implications for social justice. Social justice in catastrophe requires strong social insurance structures and legal protections for the most vulnerable people, who would otherwise lack economic resources and political influence to protect their essential interests. Social justice also requires greater and more-sustained attention to disaster preparedness and public health infrastructure-both of which are characteristically neglected, in part because the public health enterprise is identified with politically weak and often stigmatized populations.Objectives Fostemsavir is the prodrug of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor temsavir and is currently under clinical assessment in heavily treatment-experienced patients with limited therapeutic options. We evaluated the genotypic and phenotypic susceptibility to temsavir in a panel of samples collected from patients harbouring MDR strains enrolled in the Italian PRESTIGIO Registry. Methods Plasma samples from 24 patients were used for HIV-1 gp120 sequencing, while viral tropism and susceptibility to temsavir were assessed through a homemade phenotypic assay with pseudotyped viruses expressing patient-derived Env protein. Results Of the 24 patients enrolled, 18 (75%) were male, median (IQR) age was 55 years (52-61), time since HIV-1 diagnosis was 27 years (24-30), time on ART was 26 years (23-27) and 11 (46%) had a previous AIDS diagnosis. Exposure to entry inhibitors (maraviroc and/or enfuvirtide) had occurred in 19 (79%) patients. Among 23/24 gp120 sequences obtained, temsavir resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) were detected in thr