The availability of resources may also drive the application of these guidelines. More evidence and research are needed to assess the risk of vertical and horizontal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on fetal and neonatal outcomes. · The risk of vertical transmission is unclear; transmission from family members/providers to neonates is possible.. · Optimal personal-protective-equipment (airborne vs.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html  droplet/contact precautions) for providers is crucial to prevent transmission.. · Parents should be engaged in shared decision-making with options for rooming in, skin-to-skin contact, and breastfeeding.. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.A mechanistic understanding of how trees balance the trade-offs between growth, storage and defense is limited but crucial for predicting tree responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we investigated how trees allocate storage of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) to growth, constitutive and induced secondary metabolites (SM). We exposed Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings to 5 weeks of complete darkness to induce light and/or carbon limitation and then applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to simulate biotic attack. We measured changes in biomass, NSC (sum of soluble sugars and starches), constitutive and induced SM (sum of phenolic compounds and terpenoids) in current-year developing and previous-year mature needles and branches, as well as volatiles emitted from the canopy. Under darkness, NSC storage was preferentially used for constitutive biosynthesis of monoterpenes rather than biosynthesis of stilbenes and growth of developing organs, while secondary metabolites stored in mature organs cannot be remobilized and recycled. Furthermore, MeJA-induced production of secondary metabolites was constrained by low NSC availability in developing organs but not in mature organs grown in the dark. Emissions of volatiles were suppressed in the dark but after one hour of re-illumination, emissions of both constitutive and induced monoterpene hydrocarbons recovered rapidly, whereas emissions of linalool and sesquiterpene produced via de novo synthesis, did not recover. Our results highlight that light and/or carbon limitation may constrain constitutive and JA-induced biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in coordination with growth, NSC storage and mobilization. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press.Many non-native, invasive woody species in mesic forests of North America are both shade tolerant and more productive than their native counterparts, but their ability to tolerate disturbances remains unclear. In particular, complete defoliation associated with herbivory and extreme weather events may have larger impacts on invaders if natives maintain greater resource reserves to support regrowth. On the other hand, invaders may be more resilient to partial defoliation by means of upregulation of photosynthesis or may be better able to take advantage of canopy gaps to support refoliation. Across a light gradient, we measured radial growth, new leaf production, non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), chlorophyll content, and survival in response to varying levels of defoliation in saplings of two native and two invasive species that commonly co-occur in deciduous forests of Eastern North America. Individuals were subjected to one of four leaf removal treatments no defoliation controls, 50% defoliation over three invasive species respond similarly to defoliation, despite the generally faster growth strategy of invaders. Published by Oxford University Press 2020.Dendrometers are being increasingly used to measure stem-radius changes in trees and to unravel the mechanisms underlying stem daily rhythms of radial expansion and contraction. Nevertheless, automated dendrometers have not been often used to measure root-radius dynamics, their relationship with environmental variables, and the influence of endogenous processes, especially in drought-prone Mediterranean areas. Here, we measured root-radius dynamics of two coexisting oak species (the evergreen Quercus ilex and the deciduous Quercus faginea). Our goals were to describe annual, seasonal and diurnal scale root-radius patterns, and, to disentangle the role of different environmental parameters as drivers. Long-term high-resolution measurements (every 15 minutes over 7 years) were collected with automated point dendrometers on the main tree roots of five individuals per species. Root-radius annual change patterns were bimodal and similar for both oak species. Q. faginea showed three times larger root increment in tsions@oup.com.Compression wood is a common tissue present in the trunk, branches and roots of mechanically stressed coniferous trees. Its main role is to increase the mechanical strength and regain the vertical orientation of a leaning stem. Compression wood is thought to influence the climate signal in different tree-ring measures. Hence trees containing compression wood are mostly excluded from tree-ring studies reconstructing past climate variability. There is a large gap of systematic work testing the potential effect of compression wood on the strength of the climate signal in different tree-ring parameters, especially stable isotope records. Here we test for the first time the effect of compression wood contained in montane Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) on both δ13C and δ18O tree-ring cellulose records by analyzing compression and opposite wood radii from several disturbed trees together with samples from undisturbed reference trees. We selected four trees tilted by geomorphic processes that were felled by win. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Due to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, the ratio of carbon fixed by assimilation to water lost by transpiration through stomatal conductance (intrinsic water-use efficiency, iWUE) shows a long-term increasing trend globally. However, the drivers of short-term (inter-annual) variability in iWUE of tropical trees are poorly understood. We studied the inter-annual variability in iWUE of three South Asian tropical moist forest tree species (Chukrasia tabularis, Toona ciliata and Lagerstroemia speciosa) derived from tree-ring stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) in response to variations of environmental conditions. We found a significantly decreasing trend in carbon discrimination (Δ13C) and an increasing trend in iWUE in all the three species, with a species-specific long-term trend in inter-cellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Growing season temperatures were the main driver of inter-annual variability of iWUE in C. tabularis and L. speciosa, whereas previous year temperatures determined the iWUE variability in T.