(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Several animal species can discriminate between different sequential patterns based on repetitions of items (e.g., ABB vs. ABA), and generalize their performance to sequences made of novel elements but following the same underlying structure. This achievement suggests that these species possess the ability to abstract the sequences structures beyond exemplars. Developmental studies in humans suggest however that adjacent repetition patterns (e.g., ABB) are easier to extract than patterns based on a nonadjacent (e.g., ABA) repetitions.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html  This study addressed this effect of adjacency from a comparative perspective. Seventeen Guinea baboons (Papio papio) were tested with an adaptation of the serial response time task. Results show that baboons successfully learned and generalized both adjacent and nonadjacent repetition patterns after extensive exposure to each pattern in 2 successive experimental phases (Experiment 1). However, when these patterns were presented interleaved within the same experimental phase and at equal frequencies (Experiment 2), or presented successively as in Experiment 1 but with less exposure trials (Experiment 3), baboons showed evidence of learning of the adjacent repetition pattern only. Overall, these data suggest that baboons are more sensitive to adjacent than nonadjacent repetitions. We argue that a strategy based on sole detection of the presence/absence of an adjacent repetition is therefore likely to be adopted by the tested animals in pattern learning studies contrasting adjacent versus nonadjacent repetition patterns, and that future studies may need to avoid this contrast to prevent the use of this strategy. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is among the most distressing symptoms reported by cancer survivors as compromising their quality of life. This study investigates the complex interplay between CRF and functional health (FH) in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma by using longitudinal data to clarify the etiology of CRF. Methods Data from N = 3596 survivors (HD13-15) from the German Hodgkin Study Group was analyzed using bivariate latent curve models with structured residuals to model how the interplay between CRF and FH unfolds over time across and within individuals. CRF and FH were measured with the EORTC QLQ-C30. Assessed FH domains were physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and role functioning. Age at diagnosis, gender, country, baseline fatigue, and cancer stage were included as covariates. Results The latent curve models with structured residuals had an adequate model fit (χ² = 416.63-548.28, df = 114, p less then .001, root mean square error of approximation = .03, comparative fit index = .98-.99, Tucker-Lewis index = .97-.98). On the between-person level, CRF and all FH domains were strongly negatively correlated (r = -.72 to r = -.84). On the within-person level, earlier CRF (ρF = -.05 to ρF = -.12) and FH deviations (ρFH = -.05 to ρFH = -.13) negatively predicted subsequent deviations of the respective other variable. Time-specific within-person improvements in physical, cognitive, and emotional functioning reduced CRF more than vice versa, whereas the effect of CRF was stronger for social functioning. Role functioning had a balanced relation with CRF. Conclusions This analysis reveals a complex reciprocal relation between CRF and FH with distinct between- and within-person effects. The results contribute to a better understanding of CRF in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma and could inform the development of much-needed targeted interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Objective Greater numeracy is associated with higher likelihood to quit smoking. We examined whether numeracy supports learning of numeric health-risk information and, in turn, greater risk perceptions and quit intentions. Method Adult smokers (N = 696) viewed text warnings with numeric risk information four times each in one of three warning-label types (text-only, low-emotion pictorial [i.e., with image], high-emotion pictorial). They completed posttest measures immediately or 6 weeks later. Emotional reactions to warnings were reported the second time participants viewed the warnings. Numeracy, memory for risk probabilities and risk outcomes, risk perceptions, and quit intentions were assessed postexposures. Results Memory for risk probabilities and risk outcomes depended on warning-label type and posttest timing. Consistent with memory-consolidation theory, memory for high- versus low-emotion labels was lower immediately, but declined less for high-than low-emotion labels. Label memory was similar between conditions at 6 weeks. Numeracy predicted overall superior memory (especially for risk probabilities) controlling for health literacy and education. It also indirectly predicted greater risk perceptions and quit intentions via memory. In exploratory analyses, however, the superior recall of risk probabilities of smoking among those higher in numeracy was associated with lower risk perceptions. Conclusions Numeracy is associated with superior risk memory, which relates to greater risk perceptions and quit intentions. More numerate and educated smokers may be better able to quit due to their superior learning of smoking's risks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Awe is an emotional response to perceptually vast stimuli that transcend one's current frames of reference. The psychological form and function of awe differ between two types positive-awe, which arises from perceptually aesthetic experiences (e.g., the beauty of nature, spiritual experiences, or the virtue of a leader), and threat-awe, which is triggered by threatening stimuli (e.g., natural disasters, wrathful god, or a leader's coercive charisma). Here, using functional MRI, we investigated common and distinct neural responses to experiences of positive- and threat-awe, elicited by watching awe-inspiring videos. We found that both awe experiences deactivated the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) in contrast to control conditions (positive-awe vs. amusement; threat-awe vs. fear), which suggest that awe experiences generally involve the "schema liberation" process since the left MTG plays a critical role in matching existing schema to events. In addition, positive-awe was associated with increased functional connectivity between the MTG and the anterior/posterior cingulate cortex, which are associated with the aesthetic reward process, and the supramarginal gyrus (SMG), which is involved in the self-other representation.