Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues nested one inside another (embryo, endosperm and maternal tissues). However, the complexity of the kernel makes it difficult to understand inter compartment interactions without access to spatially accurate information. Here we took advantage of the large size of the maize kernel to characterize genome-wide expression profiles of tissues at embryo/endosperm interfaces. Our analysis identifies specific transcriptomic signatures in two interface tissues compared to whole seed compartments The scutellar aleurone layer (SAL), and the newly named endosperm adjacent to scutellum (EAS). The EAS, which appears around 9 days after pollination and persists for around 11 days, is confined to one to three endosperm cell layers adjacent to the embryonic scutellum. Its transcriptome is enriched in genes encoding transporters. The absence of the embryo in an embryo specific (emb) mutant can alter the expression pattern of EAS marker genes. The detection of cell death in some EAS cells together with an accumulation of crushed cell walls suggests that the EAS is a dynamic zone from which cell layers in contact with the embryo are regularly eliminated, and to which additional endosperm cells are recruited as the embryo grows. © 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.The first exposure to light marks a crucial transition in plant development. This transition relies on the transcription factor HY5 controlling a complex downstream growth program. Despite its importance, its function in transcription remains unclear. Previous studies have generated lists of thousands of potential target genes and competing models of HY5 transcription regulation. In this work, we carry out detailed phenotypic and molecular analysis of constitutive activator and repressor HY5 fusion proteins. Using this strategy, we were able to filter out large numbers of genes that are unlikely to be direct targets, allowing us to eliminate several proposed models of HY5's mechanism of action. We demonstrate that the primary activity of HY5 is promoting transcription, and that this function relies on other, likely light-regulated, factors. In addition, this approach reveals a molecular feedback loop via the COP1/SPA E3-ubiquitin ligase complex suggesting novel mechanism which maintains low HY5 in the dark, primed for rapid accumulation to reprogram growth upon light exposure. Our strategy is broadly adaptable to the study of transcription factor activity. Lastly, we show that modulating this feedback loop can generate significant phenotypic diversity in both Arabidopsis and tomato. © 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.\Male and female gametophytes are generated from micro- or megaspore mother cells through consecutive meiotic and mitotic cell divisions, whose defects often result in gametophytic lethality. Gametophytic lethality was also reported when genes encoding ribosome-related proteins were mutated. Although a large amount of ribosomal proteins (RPs) have been identified in plants based on homology with their yeast and metazoan counterparts, how RPs are regulated, such as dynamic subcellular targeting, is little known. We report here that an Arabidopsis importin β, KETCH1 (karyopherin enabling the transport of the cytoplasmic HYL1), is critical for gametogenesis. Karyopherins are molecular chaperons mediating nucleocytoplasmic protein transport. However, the role of KETCH1 during gametogenesis is independent of HYPONASTIC LEAVES 1 (HYL1), a previously reported KETCH1 cargo. Instead, KETCH1 interacts with several RPs and is critical for the nuclear accumulation of RPL27a, whose mutations caused similar gametophytic defects. We further showed that knocking down KETCH1 caused reduced ribosome biogenesis and translational capacity, which may trigger the arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression and lead to gametophytic lethality. © 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), an mRNA quality control process, has been implicated in plant immunity. A subset of fully spliced (FS) transcripts of Arabidopsis resistance (R) genes are reportedly upregulated during bacterial infection. Here, we report that 81.2% and 65.1% of FS natural TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) and CC-NBS-LRR (CNL) transcripts, respectively, retained characteristics of NMD regulation, by which their transcript levels could be controlled posttranscriptionally.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vu661013.html  Both bacterial infection and perception of bacteria by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) initiated the destruction of UPF1, UPF2, and UPF3 within 30 minutes of inoculation via independent ubiquitination of UPF1 and UPF3 and the 26S proteasome pathway. Induction of UPF1 and UPF3 ubiquitination was delayed specifically in mpk3 or mpk6, but not in SA-signaling mutants, during the early immune response. Finally, previously uncharacterized TNL-type R transcripts accumulated in upf mutants conferred disease resistance to infection with a virulent Pseudomonas strain in plants. Our findings demonstrate that NMD is one of the main regulatory processes through which PRRs can fine-tune R transcript levels to reduce fitness costs and achieve effective immunity. © 2020 American Society of Plant Biologists. All rights reserved.INTRODUCTION Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use is common in older adults and is associated with adverse outcomes such as falls and hospitalisations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a pharmacist-led medication optimisation initiative using an electronic tool (the Drug Burden Index (DBI) Calculator) in four hospital sites in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. The study aims to enrol 160 participants between the preintervention and intervention groups. The Standard Protocol Items Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT 2013 checklist) was used to develop the protocol for this prospective interventional implementation study. A preintervention retrospective control cohort and a multiple case study analysis will also be used to assess the effect of intervention implementation. Statistical analysis will involve change in DBI scores and assessment of clinical outcomes, such as rehospitalisation and mortality using appropriate statistical tests including t-test, χ2, analysis of variance and unadjusted and adjusted regression methods.