To investigate the chemical isotope-exchange reactions within a system composed of a mixture of hydrogen and deuterium (H/D) in the plasma media, the ReaxFFHD potential was parameterized against an appropriate quantum mechanics (QM)-based training set. These QM data involve structures and energies related to bond dissociation, angle distortion, and an exchange reaction of the tri-atomic molecular ions, H3 +, D3 +, H2D+, and D2H+, produced in the hydrogen plasma. Using the ReaxFFHD potential, a range of reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed on different mixtures of H/D systems. Analysis of the reactions involved in the production of these tri-atomic molecular ions was carried out over 1 ns simulations. The results show that the ReaxFFHD potential can properly model isotope-exchange reactions of tri-atomic molecular ions and that it also has a perfect transferability to reactions taking place in these systems. In our simulations, we observed some intermediate molecules (H2, D2, and HD) that undergo secondary reactions to form the tri-atomic molecular ions as the most likely products in the hydrogen plasma. Moreover, there remains a preference for D in the produced molecular ions, which is related to the lower zero-point energy of the D-enriched species, showing the isotope effects at the heart of the ReaxFFHD potential.We unravel the combined effects of confinement and surface interactions by studying the position dependent, time-resolved dynamic response functions in nano-containers of different shapes. Spectroscopic signatures are additionally studied through solvation dynamics by placing ionic and dipolar probes at varying distances from the enclosing surface. We find that the confined water molecules exhibit exotic dynamical features and stark differences from that in the bulk liquid. We employ atomistic molecular dynamics simulation to obtain the solvation time correlation function, non-Gaussian parameter, and non-linear response function that reveal the existence of heterogeneous and non-exponential dynamics with a strong sensitivity to both the size and the shape of the enclosure. Importantly, the slower long-time decay constant exhibits a non-monotonic spatial dependence. The initial ultrafast component is reminiscent of the same in the bulk, but it is found to have a different origin in the present systems. We perform shell-wise analyses to understand the microscopic origin of these observations and the range of the propagation of the surface induced effects.We propose edge expansion parallel cascade selection molecular dynamics (eePaCS-MD) as an efficient adaptive conformational sampling method to investigate the large-amplitude motions of proteins without prior knowledge of the conformational transitions. In this method, multiple independent MD simulations are iteratively conducted from initial structures randomly selected from the vertices of a multi-dimensional principal component subspace. This subspace is defined by an ensemble of protein conformations sampled during previous cycles of eePaCS-MD. The edges and vertices of the conformational subspace are determined by solving the "convex hull problem." The sampling efficiency of eePaCS-MD is achieved by intensively repeating MD simulations from the vertex structures, which increases the probability of rare event occurrence to explore new large-amplitude collective motions. The conformational sampling efficiency of eePaCS-MD was assessed by investigating the open-close transitions of glutamine binding protein, maltose/maltodextrin binding protein, and adenylate kinase and comparing the results to those obtained using related methods. In all cases, the open-close transitions were simulated in ∼10 ns of simulation time or less, offering 1-3 orders of magnitude shorter simulation time compared to conventional MD. Furthermore, we show that the combination of eePaCS-MD and accelerated MD can further enhance conformational sampling efficiency, which reduced the total computational cost of observing the open-close transitions by at most 36%.Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is an inflammatory eye disease of the outer retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, choroid presenting with photopsia, loss of vision, and temporal scotoma. The patient was a 31-year-old female with a history of vision loss since 11 days ago (left eye). At presentation, best-corrected Snellen visual acuity was 20/140 in the Snellen chart. We decided to treat her with short time corticosteroid therapy (0.75 mg/kg/day prednisolone which was tapered in 3 weeks) for any possible rapid recovery of vision. The visual acuity of the involved eye was improved to 20/25 and 20/20, one week and three weeks after starting treatment respectively. Thus, it seems that short-term oral steroids might be an alternative method of management for patients with MEWDS.Due to inconclusive findings of previous researches, we aimed to evaluate inflammatory state biomarkers in episodic and chronic migraineurs (EM and CM patients) compared to headache-free controls in the current study. Seventy-one migraine patients and 19 age-sex-matched controls were recruited. After obtaining demographic data and recording headache characteristics, blood samples were gathered and analyzed to evaluate the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6. Serum levels of IL-6, CRP and TNF-α were significantly higher among subjects with CM than the EM and controls. Further, positive correlations were noted for number of headache days/month and serum IL-6 (r=0.53, p less then 0.001), CRP (r=0.62, p less then 0.001), and TNF-α (r=0.58, p less then 0.001). In sum, according to current findings, a pro-inflammatory state was detected among chronic and episodic migraineurs compared to healthy control, as revealed by augmented concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL6, CRP, and TNF-α).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/resatorvid.html  It was also underlined that with increasing levels of inflammatory factors, headaches tended to be more chronic. However, in order to confirm the hypothesis that neuroinflammation plays a role in migraine pain genesis, long-term cohort studies and well-designed experimental and randomized controlled trials are required.