Our results confirm lower rates of photosensitivity in African Sub-Saharan people compared with others. Although the current data do not support a role of short-term ambient light levels, subject to consistent data from larger cohorts, it may be interesting to study the probable epigenetic-mediated protective role of sunshine against photosensitivity.Our relationship to digital technologies will be a determining factor in building our identity as 21st century orthodontists. The digital workflow used in orthodontics can be summarized in four successive phases diagnosis, treatment planning, computer Aid Manufacturing, therapeutic follow-up. According to Professor Stanislas Dehaene, cognitive neuroscience has identified four criteria on which learning success depends. Attention, active engagement, feedback and consolidation. Our article demonstrates that a good organization of the digital workflow, thought upstream and coherent, allows the practitioner to strengthen his learning from each treated clinical case by potentiating the four criteria of learning. This design which is a real challenge is part of an increase strategy.Mandibular proprioception would influence postural control. The development of spatial references are governed by the same afferences. This work aims to clarify the role of mandibular proprioception, implicated in postural and spatial dysfunctions, in the control of cephalic posture and spatial repositories. 24 subjects received a vibration of the masseter and temporal muscles. Measurements of head position (HP) (video), subjective visual vertical (SVV) and line bisection (LB) were obtained with and without vibration. Without vibration, HP (0.31 ° ± 1.76 °) was negatively correlated with SVV (+ 0.23 ° ± 0.62 °, r22 = -0.44, p = 0.033); with vibration, HP on the opposite side to the stimulated muscle (t23 = 2.77, p = 0.011). There is a correlation between LB and SVV. Without vibration, the Müller effect is found for SVV. The pseudo-negligence is not found. With vibration, the error of the HP and the SVV go in the same direction.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/unc-3230.html  No effects on the LB. Conclusion Beyond local responses, the vibration can evoke global and oriented responses.Form is often linked to function. This applies particularly to teeth; the phylogenesis of our dentition shows that the dental formula was established long before Homo sapiens. Today, the shape of teeth has several roles chewing, aesthetics and periodontal balance. The analysis of the literature shows the importance of shapes, particularly in the periodontal equilibrium. Diagnostic analysis of the shapes enables us to detect those that are said to be at risk and to prevent iatrogenic effects due to dental alignment. By applying this shape analysis to clinical examples, we will show the interest of this approach in the treatment of dental-maxillary disharmony, in the prevention of the loss of papillae associated with the opening of black triangles and the aesthetic improvement of shapes. The characterization of tooth shapes is an essential diagnostic element for a safer and more harmonious orthodontic treatment.Standard TMJ is the key to the morphology of the face as it enables the occlusive function and spatially situates the chin. The diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint disorders is made intricate not only by the multifactorial etiology of these pathologies but also by the difficulty to comprehend the pain felt by the patient. Through a review of the literature and our respective practices (over 30 years) and teachings, this article surveys the main principles of temporomandibular joint disorder. As numerous writers have focused on the problems created by TMJ pathologies, it's only natural that various therapeutic approaches be suggested. What primarily matters is that they lead to a stabilization of the occlusion. As far as diagnosis is concerned, only a precise and rigorous protocol - followed by everyone - can produce a therapeutic result that would be acceptable for each patient. The orthodontist can and must be the coordinator of the cross-disciplinary team. He steps in over 72 % of temporomandibular joint disorder cases and proposes the most conservative, cheapest, and the best cost/benefit ratio for the patient.Since 1907, the international community has used Angle's classification to assess the mesio-distal relationships of the dental arches. It is the basis of the diagnosis of malocclusion in the sagittal dimension and indicates or not an orthodontic correction treatment. This work was aimed to inventory the classification methods of malocclusions used today. Indices of treatment need were also presented because they are based on one or more occlusal anomalies to indicate treatment. The classifications were criticized and the contribution of a functional analysis based on the use of the trilogy setting, centering and guiding was detailed. The type of anomalies (skeletal and dental) must be completed by the analysis of the occlusal anomaly of setting (centering or guiding) and of the category of occlusion (functional occlusion, functional malocclusion or pathogenic malocclusion), ie its possible pathogenic impact on orofacial structures. A consensus on the classification of occlusal anomalies is necessary in order to better identify the anomalies and their global repercussions, and to better define the needs for orthodontic treatment.In their daily practice, orthodontists and pedo- dontists have a common aim which is to ensure a functional establishment of the permanent denture. Due to the increase of eruption defects/failures with no clear obstacles, the doctor may encounter some difficulties to elaborate a diagnosis or even feels helpless when in need to define and put in motion a correct therapeutic strategy. The primary failure of eruption (PFE) is an extensively studied disease that has to be distinguished from an ankylosis during the diagnosis to improve the patient care. A thorough research of scientific literature has been achieved in order to keep our knowledge on the subject up to date and to develop the diagnosis further on primary failure of eruption. The exploitation of scientific data as well as the use of imagery and genetics, provided us with helpful elements for the primary failure of eruption diagnosis. It also allows the pedodontist and the orthodontist to avoid an unsatisfactory patient care who will be informed prior to the start of the treatment.