ngful for surgeons to better understand the regulatory mechanisms of sagittal spinopelvic alignment and reconstruct a satisfactory lumbar alignment.
  Aging is one of the primary factors influencing development of osteoarthritis, and the TGF-β pathway plays an important role in age-related osteoarthritis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html  Specifically, GDF15 phosphorylates SMAD2/3 in the TGF-β pathway to inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and promote proliferation of chondrocytes. However, age-dependent changes in the level of GDF15 are unclear, as is whether GDF15 phosphorylates SMAD2/3 in the TGF-β pathway to promote proliferation of old chondrocytes. This study, therefore, sought to examine the effect of various GDF15 concentrations on old chondrocyte proliferation.
 
  Serum and cartilage specimens of young adults and older adults were collected, and GDF15 expression was quantified. Human chondrocytes were then cultured following routine protocols, and different concentrations of recombinant human GDF15 or pSMAD2 inhibitor were added into the culture medium. After 48h of culturing, the proliferation of chondrocytes was detected by EdU, and the expression MMP13, SMAD2, and pSMAD2 was detng adults is higher than in older adults, and GDF15 functions to promote the proliferation of chondrocytes by phosphorylating SMAD2 in older individuals.
  Increasingly, studies have addressed the possible association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and osteoarthritis (OA), although this remains an issue of controversy. Our aim in this study was to investigate the association between T2DM and OA among 7781 adults ≥50 years of age, through a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 through 2018.
 
  Amultivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between T2DM or prediabetes status and OA, with subgroup analyses performed, stratified by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and race.
 
  Of the 7781 participants enrolled, 1567 (20.1%) had T2DM, 3131 (40.3%) had prediabetes, and 3083 (39.6%) were normal. A significant positive association was identified between T2DM and OA, after adjusting for age, sex, and race. This association, however, was no longer significant after adjusting for BMI. In the fully-adjusted model, there were no significant association between T2DM and OA.
 
  Our findings showed no association between T2DM and OA. The association between T2DM and OA can be strongly confounded by BMI.
 Our findings showed no association between T2DM and OA. The association between T2DM and OA can be strongly confounded by BMI.
  Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign, cartilaginous bone tumor derived from epiphyseal chondrocytes. Although the clinical characteristics and experience of surgical treatment of the smaller number of patients has been reported in the literature, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the clinical and radiographic features and the outcome for surgical treatment of this disease due to the rarity of chondroblastoma. This study was aiming to review the epidemiologic characteristics and outcome of surgical management for patients with chondroblastoma.
 
  We performed a retrospective analysis of 92 patients with chondroblastoma. Clinical data, radiographic images, surgical treatment and outcome were analyzed. Eighty-two patients received the extensive intralesional curettage and ten cases had the En-block resection.
 
  The most common site of disease was proximal femur (20.7%, 19/92), followed by distal femur (18.5%, 17/92) and proximal tibia (16.3%, 15/92). The secondary aneurysmal bone cyst component was most common for chondroblastoma of the small irregular bones, such as patella and foot. Four (4.3%, 4/92) cases receiving the extensive intralesional curettage developed the local recurrence, respectively two at the proximal tibia, one at the pelvis and one at the calcaneus. Time to local recurrence were respectively 14.5, 8.8, 27.0 and 5.6 months, with the average 14 months. Kaplan-Meier estimated survivorship curve of local recurrence-free survival rates of one, two and five years were respectively 97.7%, 96.2% and 93.9%. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score was 29.4. At the last follow-up, no one had the pulmonary metastasis and death associated with the disease.
 
  Intralesional curettage plus local adjuvants can obtain satisfactory outcome for chondroblastoma.
 
  Level IV.
 Level IV.
  The present study examined the longitudinal associations between exposure to tobacco advertisements in magazines popular among young adults and changes in the number of tobacco products used by young adults.
 
  Participants were 4,824 students from 24 Texas colleges participating in a longitudinal study. Tobacco advertisements in 11 magazines, collected from 2015 to 2017, were objectively assessed and young adults self-reported the frequency of reading each magazine on five biannual surveys from 2015 to 2017. The objective and self-reported measures were multiplied to create a tobacco advertisement exposure score. Growth curve models were used to determine if exposure to tobacco advertisements in magazines predicted changes in the number of tobacco products used across the 2-year period, controlling for sociodemographic factors, ever tobacco use, recall of tobacco advertisements on the internet, and personality characteristics.
 
  Young adults with more exposure to tobacco advertisements reported a slower decline in the number of tobacco products they used across time.
 
  Tobacco advertising in magazines contributes to the continuation of single-product and polyproduct use among young adults. Findings highlight the need for additional federal regulations limiting advertisements for all types of tobacco products in magazines, particularly those popular among young adults, the youngest legal targets of the tobacco industry.
 Tobacco advertising in magazines contributes to the continuation of single-product and polyproduct use among young adults. Findings highlight the need for additional federal regulations limiting advertisements for all types of tobacco products in magazines, particularly those popular among young adults, the youngest legal targets of the tobacco industry.