The surface potential differences originating in the substrate can affect the incident electrons through the native oxide film situated on the Cu surface. Scanning low-energy electron microscopy is a powerful tool for mapping local work function differences with a spatial resolution slightly better than 30 nm due to high sensitivity to local electrical potentials.During the process of whole slide imaging, it is necessary to focus thousands of fields of view to obtain a high-quality image. To make the focusing procedure efficient and effective, we propose a novel autofocus algorithm for whole slide imaging. It is based on convolution and recurrent neural networks to predict the out-of-focus distance and subsequently update the focus location of the camera lens in an iterative manner. More specifically, we train a convolution neural network to extract focus information in the form of a focus feature vector. In order to make the prediction more accurate, we apply a recurrent neural network to combine focus information from previous search iteration and current search iteration to form a feature aggregation vector. This vector contains more focus information than the previous one and is subsequently used to predict the out-of-focus distance. Our experiments indicate that our proposed autofocus algorithm is able to rapidly determine the optimal in-focus image. The code is available at https//github.com/hezhujun/autofocus-rnn.The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the lack of novel antibacterial agents pose a serious threat for patients and healthcare systems. Bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases (endolysins) represent a promising new class of antimicrobials. Over the past two decades, research on these enzymes has evolved from basic in vitro characterization to sophisticated protein engineering approaches, including advanced preclinical and clinical testing. In recent years, increasingly specific animal models have shown efficacy of endolysins against bacterial infections of various different organs and tissues of the body. Despite these advances, some challenges with regard to systemic application of endolysins remain to be addressed. These include immunogenicity, circulation half-life, and cell and tissue-specific targeting and penetration properties.At slaughter plants, live cattle are often scored for mud coverage as mud on hides can impact food safety and drives decisions regarding interventions during processing. Currently, there is no standardized method utilized to assess mud coverage. The aim of this study was to determine the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of 3, 4, and 5 point mud scoring systems. Beef cattle (n = 110) were videotaped during movement to holding pens upon arrival at a commercial slaughter facility.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gefitinib.html  Five scorers were assigned to a 3, 4, or 5 point scoring system (n = 15), reviewed the video and assigned the cattle a mud score. A multi-rater weighted kappa analysis was used to determine intraobserver and interobserver reliability for each system. Although all scorers in the 3 point analysis and one scorer each for the 4 and 5 point analysis demonstrated moderate intraobserver reliability, all interobserver reliability kappas were poor (kappa ≤0.12). Further exploration to develop a suitable system that is repeatable is recommended.Domestic abuse is increasingly recognised as a serious public health concern worldwide. Previous research has suggested a link between national football (soccer) tournaments and domestic abuse. While hypothesized to be a significant factor, the role alcohol plays in this relationship has not yet been explored quantitatively. In this study, using 10 years' worth of crime data (from 2010 to 2019) from the second largest police force in England (West Midlands Police), we explored the effect of England draws, losses, and wins in national football tournaments on the number of alcohol and non-alcohol-related domestic abuse cases reported to the police. Results from a series of negative binomial regression analyses show that the number of reported alcohol-related domestic abuse cases increases by 47%, 95% confidence interval [26%-71%], following an England football victory. This effect is limited to alcohol-related cases. The estimate translates into a 0.53, 95% CI [0.3-0.8], increase in the daily rate of alcohol-related cases per 100,000 individuals. The England win effect survives various robustness checks (including the re-analysis of a dataset from another geographical area in England), and its time course is strongly consistent with a causal link between England's football victories and an increase in alcohol-related domestic abuse. We also found a comparable increase in the number of other (not classified as domestic abuse) alcohol-related violent crimes on England win days. Further research is required to understand the exact causal pathway between national football tournaments, alcohol consumption, and violent behaviours in domestic settings.Older adults regularly report rising levels of Subjective Well-Being (SWB) over time, despite a concomitant decline in their health. One possible explanation is that individuals develop psychological mechanisms to diminish the contribution of health to their well-being as they get older. This research examines whether observational data are consistent with this hypothesis of hedonic adaptation to health decline with ageing, in all aspects of SWB, and for different births cohorts over time. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) between 2007 and 2015 in 10 European countries for respondents aged 50 onwards (4 waves, 41,258 individuals), we estimated panel fixed-effects models for outcomes measuring the three aspects of SWB evaluative (life satisfaction), experienced (positive and negative affectivity) and eudemonic well-being (sense of purpose and meaning in life). We decomposed age in birth cohort and time fixed effects. Changes over time in the contribution of health to SWB were estimated by interaction terms between health and time fixed effects. Results showed that the value of health changes over time and for different birth cohorts in ways that depend on the measure of SWB. Ageing increases the importance of health for both eudemonic and experienced well-being. By contrast, the association between health and life satisfaction weakens with age, except for individuals aged 80 and above for which it strengthens. Our results thus offer only little support for hedonic adaptation to health decline with age, restricted to life satisfaction and individuals under 80 years of age. These findings caution against the use of mean estimations over the lifespan to determine the value of health as well as against the use of the various forms of SWB interchangeably in public policy analysis and economic evaluations of healthcare.