https://www.selleckchem.com/products/isa-2011b.html 40; p less then .001) with emotional and behavioural problems amongst children. In the broader social domain, peer violence (β = .29; p less then .001) had a direct association with children's emotional and behavioural problems. Several indirect paths demonstrated a chain of relationships involving family- and society-level factors and emotional and behavioural problems in children. Only longitudinal data can provide further support for veridical causal pathways linking family and social factors with adverse emotional and behavioural outcomes in offspring of refugees, thereby supporting mechanisms leading to a transgenerational transmission of adverse mental health outcomes in refugee populations. Such data would give further support for a multisectoral approach to dealing with at risk families in refugee populations, in which attention should focus on supporting parents, and promoting the protection of children from abuse in the family and in the wider society.Background Surgical educator effectiveness is valued but lacks an operational definition. Clearly defining attributes consistent with effective surgical educators allows for the development of professional activities directed to nurture these qualities. Our aim was to identify the literature defining qualities of an effective surgical educator, and tools to measure effectiveness. Methods We searched PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Academic Search Complete for English language articles from 1 July 2009-1 July 2019. Two reviewers screened all abstracts for relevance and read full text of selected articles to identify included studies. Inclusion criteria were description/definition of an effective surgical educator or description of assessment/measurement of effectiveness in surgical educators. Data extracted included study design, participants, definition/description of qualities of an effective surgical educator, qualitative or quantitative methods to assess surg