Imaging sperm as they travel through the female reproductive tract has revealed new details about fertilization at the molecular level.
  Despite the introduction of vaccination against rotavirus, and even though it can often be treated on an outpatient basis, acute infectious gastroenteritis is nevertheless the second most common non-traumatic cause of emergency hospitaliza - tion in children aged 1 to 5 years, accounting for approximately 9% of cases (39 410 cases in 2017). The most common path - ogens are viruses (47% rotavirus, 29% norovirus, and 14% adenovirus).
 
  This review is based on publications retrieved by a selective search in PubMed employing the terms "acute gastro - enteritis children" AND "dehydration" OR "rehydration" OR "prevention," and by manual searching (based, for example, on reference lists and expert knowledge), with subsequent evaluation including consideration of the relevant guidelines.
 
  The degree of dehydration can be judged from weight loss and other clinical findings. In 17 randomized controlled trials conducted on a total of 1811 children with mild or moderate dehydration, oral rehydration with oral rehydrate the good evidence supporting ambulatory oral rehydration. Obstacles to intersectoral care, the nursing shortage, and inadequate reimbursement must all be overcome in order to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations and thereby lessen the risk of nosocomial infection.
  As a consequence of global warming, heat waves are expected to become more frequent, more intense, and longer. The elderly and persons with chronic diseases are especially vulnerable to health problems due to heat. This article is devoted to the question of the extent to which the effects of heat waves in Germany are changing over time, and whether preventive health measures are working.
 
  We use a statistical model to quantify the effect of high mean temperatures on mortality. Within this model, different exposure-response curves for the three temporal intervals 1992-2000, 2001-2010, and 2011-2017 are estimated. Attention is also paid to the delayed effect on mortality of high mean temperatures in the preceding week.
 
  Our analysis reveals a clear, systematic association of the mean temperature in the current week, as well as the mean temperature in the preceding week, with weekly mortality. This association is more pronounced for higher age groups and decreases over the years under analysis, with the excen the future, and perhaps complemented by other measures in order to further diminish the effect of heat on mortality .
  This systematic review compares the efficacy and safety of surgical and non-surgical interventions for full- thickness rotator cuff tears.
 
  A systematic literature search was conducted in five databases. Randomized (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials of interventions (non-RCTs) for the surgical or non-surgical treatment of patients with traumatic or atraumatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears were included. The review protocol was published in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42018100343).
 
  Ten studies (three RCTs with 332 participants; seven non-RCTs with 650 participants) met the inclusion criteria. One year after treatment, shoulder function, measured with the 100-point Constant score, had improved by 6.7 points (95% confidence interval [2.3; 11.0]) and pain, measured with the 10-cm visual analog scale, by 1.1 cm (0.5; 1.7] in the full-thickness rotator cuff tears treated surgically compared with non-surgical treatment.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ca-170.html  In one study the difference in favor of surgery persisted after 10 years' follow-ow and above the threshold of clinical relevance. The conclusions may not be applicable to rotator cuff tears over 3 cm in size or to young persons.
  Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is often considered a life-saving measure in preterm neonates. However, it has been associated with detrimental effects on short-term morbidities and, recently, on brain development. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between RBC and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in a cohort of preterm infants.
 
  This retrospective cohort study was carried out in the period 2007-2013. Preterm infants with a gestational age (GA) ≤32 weeks and birthweight (BW) <1,500 g were included. Infants underwent Griffiths assessment at 24±6 months corrected age (CA) and at 5±1 years of age. We used a multivariate regression model to assess the association of RBC transfusions and long-term neurodevelopment after controlling for GA, being small for GA, major neonatal morbidities, and socio-economic status. We also evaluated the impact of early RBC administration (within the first 28 days of life) compared to those performed after the first month of life.
 
  We enrolled 64ative effect. Early RBC administration is associated with a greater reduction in Griffiths scores. The impact of RBC transfusion on neurodevelopment is greater at 24 months CA, but persists, although to a lesser degree, at 5 years of age.
  The appropriateness of the use of blood transfusion in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) remains contested. In general, studies addressing this issue were based on data from clinical trials, registries, or electronic medical records, and were conducted across different settings. Our study aimed to use a linked patient blood management data system from existing hospital databases to examine the association between blood transfusion and in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS) and readmission rates among patients with ACS, and to investigate this relationship at different haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations.
 
  This was a retrospective observational study of patients admitted to participating hospitals between 1
  January 2014 to 31
  December 2017 with ACS recorded as primary diagnosis. Admission and nadir Hb concentrations were categorised as ≤100 g/L and >100 g/L. Generalised estimating equations were used to investigate the association between transfusion and clinical outcomes, while accounting for the correlation of multiple admissions from the same patients across hospitals over the study period.
 
  Of the 9,952 admissions included, blood transfusions occurred in 705 (7.1%). In unadjusted analyses, transfusion was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality (OR 2.97; 95% CI 2.14-4.13) and an average LOS 3.55 (95% CI 3.38-3.72) times longer. After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, transfusion was associated with an increased risk of in-hospital mortality when Hb >100 g/L. Transfusion was not associated with the risk of readmission.
 
  The effect of transfusion on in-hospital mortality was largely dependent on the pre-transfusion Hb concentration. When Hb was >100 g/L transfusion was associated with increased mortality, whereas when Hb ≤100 g/L no association was observed.
 100 g/L transfusion was associated with increased mortality, whereas when Hb ≤100 g/L no association was observed.