https://www.selleckchem.com/products/n-formyl-met-leu-phe-fmlp.html Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vaccination were cited by all the key interviewees (n = 12). However, based on the quantitative microbial risk assessment model, vaccination alone may not be sufficiently effective to reduce the annual human salmonellosis prevalence. A combination of different control measures along the food chain, with a special focus on interventions at the slaughterhouse, might be more effective in achieving the desired goal than vaccination alone.Colorimetric and fluorescent detection of F- have attracted enormous interest owing to their simplicity, low-cost and high selectivity. However, traditional colorimetric and fluorescent sensors mainly based on the insoluble and toxic organic molecules, which is not favorable for sensing F- in water media and living cells. In this work, we designed fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) with excellent water solubility and good biocompatibility as a colorimetric and fluorescent dual-model probe for the detection of F-. The CDs were prepared by a green, one-step hydrothermal strategy from wheat straw without any additives and surface passivation. The obtained CDs exhibited a bright blue fluorescence, special response to F- and low cytotoxicity. More interestingly, a significant color change from light yellow to red can be observed by the naked eye upon addition of F- ions to the CDs solution probably due to the formation of hydrogen bonding between CDs and F-. Besides, the fluorescence of CDs also can be selectively quenched by F- with the detection limit of about 49 μM. Additionally, the CDs are also applied to intracellular imaging and sensing of F- in living cells. This strategy may provide a new method for the detection of F- in water media and biological systems.This work presents the application of EC-SERS spectroscopy for the detection of caffeine consumption from human saliva. Caffeine and paraxanthine as the major metabolite of caffei