https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html Surface modification offers a straightforward means to alter and enhance the properties and performance of materials, such as nanofiltration membranes for water softening. Herein, we demonstrate how a membrane's surface charge can be altered by grafting different electrostatically varying copolymers onto commercial membrane surfaces using perfluorophenylazide (PFPA) photochemistry for enhanced ion separation performance. The native membrane's performance-i.e., in terms of divalent cation separation-with copolymer coatings containing a positively charged quaternary ammonium (-N(Me)3+), a negatively charged sulfonate (-SO3-), and an essentially neutral zwitterion (sulfobetaine, -N(Me)2R2+, and -SO3-), respectively, indicates that (a) the sulfonated polymer induces robust Coulombic exclusion of divalent anions as compared to the negatively charged native membrane surface on account of its higher negative charge; (b) the positively charged ammonium coating induces exclusion of cations more effectively than the native membrane; and significantly, (c) the zwitterion polymer coating, which reduces the surface roughness and improves wettability, in spite of its near-neutral charge enhances exclusion of both divalent cations and anions on account of aperture sieving by the compact zwitterion polymer that arises from its ability to limit the size of ions that transport through the polymer along with dielectric exclusion. The outcomes thereby inform new pathways to achieve size- and charge-based exclusion of ionic, molecular, and other species contained in liquid streams.In this work, the structural and magnetic transitions of Heusler alloy Ni50Mn34In14Ga2 have been carefully studied through measurements of heat flow and magnetization under DC and AC magnetic fields. This alloy undergoes the transition sequence of spin-glassy martensite (SPM) → ferromagnetic austenite (FA) → paramagnetic austenite at ∼225 and ∼305 K, respe