https://www.selleckchem.com/products/d609.html 6%) had abnormal PCI. HVs and patients with different esophageal motility disorders had significantly different PCI (P less then .01). Type 1 achalasia patients had weaker PCI than patients with absent contractility (P = .02). Patients with abnormal PCI had more severe dysphagia (P = .02), nausea (P = .03), vomiting (P = .03), and lower bolus clearance (P less then .01) than patients with normal PCI. Conclusions and inferences Abnormal PCI was found in a fourth of patients with esophageal symptoms. PCI may be useful to distinguish some esophageal motility disorders. Patients with abnormal PCI had a higher severity of some upper gastrointestinal symptoms than patients with normal PCI. Assessing the proximal esophageal segment on HREM may be useful in characterizing patients with esophageal symptoms.Professor William Macewen (1848-1924) is one of the most important figures in world's surgery during 18th and early 19th century. He managed to provide numerous innovative techniques and instruments in various fields of surgery such as general surgery, orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, and thoracic surgery. His innovations had a great impact after his time and constituted the fundaments for further surgical developments. He also was a pioneer in clinical photography with the creation of a huge archive. During his surgical career, he received many honors.Comprehensive assessment practices have the potential to stimulate and shape learning. In this issue, St-Onge et al.1 explore the current evidence pertaining to the implementation of Developmental Progress Assessment (DPA), which is defined as assessments mapped on developmental pathways and used to provide guidance to trainees and faculty members. In doing so, they offer important insights on longitudinal and developmental pathways and the role of assessment therein. In DPA, the mapping of assessments to pathways is focused on the learner's progression and has the potential to