The peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly enhanced in the CsWAKL08-overexpressing plants compared to the control plants, thereby mediating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in the transgenic plants. Moreover, the JA levels and the expression of JA biosynthesis and JA responsive genes were substantially elevated in the CsWAKL08 overexpression plants relative to the controls upon Xcc infection. Based on these findings, we conclude that the wall-associated receptor-like kinase CsWAKL08 positively regulates CBC resistance through a mechanism involving ROS control and JA signaling. These results further highlight the importance of this kinase family in plant pathogen resistance. © The Author(s) 2020.Both cuticle and membrane lipids play essential roles in quality maintenance and disease resistance in fresh fruits. Many reports have indicated the modification of alternative branch pathways in epicuticular wax mutants; however, the specific alterations concerning lipids have not been clarified thus far. Here, we conducted a comprehensive, time-resolved lipidomic, and transcriptomic analysis on the "Newhall" navel orange (WT) and its glossy mutant (MT) "Gannan No. 1". The results revealed severely suppressed wax formation accompanied by significantly elevated production of 36-carbon plastid lipids with increasing fruit maturation in MT. Transcriptomics analysis further identified a series of key functional enzymes and transcription factors putatively involved in the biosynthesis pathways of wax and membrane lipids. Moreover, the high accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) in MT was possibly due to the need to maintain plastid lipid homeostasis, as the expression levels of two significantly upregulated lipases (CsDAD1 and CsDALL2) were positively correlated with plastid lipids and characterized to hydrolyze plastid lipids to increase the JA content. Our results will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the natural variation of plant lipids to lay a foundation for the quality improvement of citrus fruit. © The Author(s) 2020.Plants are continuously affected by unfavorable external stimuli, which influences their productivity and growth. Differences in gene composition and expression patterns lead homologous polyploid plants to exhibit different physiological phenomena, among which enhanced environmental adaptability is a powerful phenotype conferred by polyploidization. The mechanisms underlying the differences in stress tolerance between diploids and autotetraploids at the molecular level remain unclear. In this research, a full-length transcription profile obtained via the single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing of high-quality single RNA molecules for use as background was combined with next-generation transcriptome and proteome technologies to probe the variation in the molecular mechanisms of autotetraploids.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/enarodustat.html  Tetraploids exhibited an increase in ABA content of 78.4% under natural conditions and a superior stress-resistance phenotype under severe drought stress compared with diploids. The substantial differences in the transcriptome profiles observed between diploids and autotetraploids under normal growth conditions were mainly related to ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways, and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (NCED1) and NCED2, which encode key synthetic enzymes, were significantly upregulated. The increased expression of the ABRE-binding factor 5-like (ABF5-like) gene was a pivotal factor in promoting the activation of the ABA signaling pathway and downstream target genes. In addition, ABA strongly induced the expression of osmotic proteins to increase the stress tolerance of the plants at the translational level. We consider the intrinsic mechanisms by which ABA affects drought resistance in tetraploids and diploids to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms that enhance abiotic stress tolerance in polyploid plants. © The Author(s) 2020.Red skin is an important quality trait for pear fruits and is determined by the concentration and composition of anthocyanins. The regulatory mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation is a popular topic in fruit research. Red mutants are ideal materials for studying the molecular mechanism of color diversity in pear. Although several red pear mutants have been cultivated and are in production, no exact locus containing the responsible genetic mutation has been identified. In this study, by combining the bulked segregant analysis with whole-genome sequencing, we identified a 14 nucleotide deletion mutation in the coding region of the PpBBX24 gene from the red pear mutant "Zaosu Red". We further verified that the deletion was present only in the red mutant of "Zaosu" and in its red offspring, which was different from that which occurred in other red pear fruits. This deletion results in a coding frame shift such that there is an early termination of the PpBBX24 gene and loss of key NLS and VP domains from PpBBX24. The lost domains may reduce or alter the normal function of PpBBX24. In addition, we found that the transcript levels of the PpMYB10 and PpHY5 genes in red samples were significantly higher than those in green samples, whereas the results for the normal-type PpBBX24 gene were the opposite. We ultimately revealed that the 14 nucleotide deletion mutation in the coding region of the PpBBX24 gene is associated with the red skin of the "Zaosu Red" pear. This finding of somatic mutational events will be helpful for breeding new red pear cultivars and for understanding the regulatory mechanisms involved in pear skin pigmentation. © The Author(s) 2020.This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis in comparison with Xpert MTB/RIF as well as conventional drug susceptibility testing (DST) for the detection of rifampicin (RIF) resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Iran. A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out from April 2017 to September 2018. A total of 80 culture-positive clinical samples selected during the study period were analysed for detection of RIF-resistant TB by conventional DST, Xpert MTB/RIF, and sequencing. Sensitivity and specificity of the HRM calculated according to DST was our reference standard test in this study. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of HRM assay were found to be 100%, 89.33%, 38.46%, and 100% respectively. The analysis demonstrated that the diagnostic accuracy of HRM tests is insufficient to replace Xpert MTB/RIF and conventional DST. HRM tests have the advantage of time to result and may be used in combination with culture.