https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hs94.html In this review, we evaluate the growing literature on the applications of nTMS in the preoperative setting. First, we analyze the evidence in support of the most common clinical applications. Then we identify usages that show promise but require further validation. We also discuss developing nTMS techniques that are still in the experimental stage, such as the use of nTMS to enhance postoperative recovery. Finally, we highlight practical considerations when utilizing nTMS and, importantly, its safety profile in neurosurgical patients. In so doing, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the role of nTMS in the neurosurgical management of a patient with a brain tumor.The presence of disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important hallmark for MS patients in the course of their disease. The transition from relapsing remitting (RRMS) to secondary progressive forms of the disease (SPMS) represents a significant change in their quality of life and perception of the disease. It could also be a therapeutic key for opportunities, where approaches different from those in the initial phases of the disease can be adopted. The characterization of structural biomarkers (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging or neurofilament light chain) has been proposed to differentiate between both phenotypes. However, there is no definite threshold between them. Whether the risk of clinical progression can be predicted by structural markers at early disease phases is still a focus of clinical research. However, several theories and pathological evidence suggest that both disease phenotypes are part of a continuum with common pathophysiological mechanisms. In this case, the clinical evaluation of the patients would play a preponderant role above destruction biomarkers for the early identification of disability progression and SPMS. For this purpose, the use of clinical tools beyond the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) shoul