Organic pollutants that are introduced into the aquatic ecosystem can transform by various mechanisms. Biotransformation is an important process for predicting the remaining structures of pollutants in the ecosystem, and their toxicity. This study focused on triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which is a commonly used organophosphate flame retardant and plasticizer. Since TPHP is particularly toxic to aquatic organisms, it is essential to understand its biotransformation in the aquatic environment. In the aquatic ecosystem, based on consideration of the producer-consumer-decomposer relationship, the biotransformation products of TPHP were identified, and their toxicity was predicted. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was used for target, suspect, and non-target analysis. The obtained biotransformation products were estimated for toxicity based on the prediction model. As a result, 29 kinds of TPHP biotransformation products were identified in the aquatic ecosystem. Diphenyl phosphate was detected as a common biotransformation product through a hydrolysis reaction. In addition, products were identified by the biotransformation mechanisms of green algae, daphnid, fish, and microorganism. Most of the biotransformation products were observed to be less toxic than the parent compound due to detoxification except some products (hydroquinone, beta-lyase products, palmitoyl/stearyl conjugated products). Since various species exist in a close relationship with each other in an ecosystem, an integrated approach for not only single species but also various connected species is essential.Water, as one of the main components of bone, has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of bone. However, the micro-/nanoscale toughening mechanism induced by water in bone remains at only the theoretical level with static observations, and further research is still needed. In this study, a new in situ mechanical test combined with atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to track the micro-/nanocrack propagation of hydrated and dehydrated antler bones in situ to explore the influence of water on the micro-/nanomechanical behavior of bone. In hydrated bone, observations of the crack tip region revealed major uncracked ligament bridging, and the conversion of mineralized collagen fibrils (MCFs) from bridging to breaking is clearly seen in real time. In dehydrated bone, multiple uncracked ligament bridges can be observed, but they are quickly broken by cracks, and the MCFs tend to break directly instead of forming fibril bridges. These experimental results indicate that the hydrated interface promotes slippage between collagen and the mineral phase and slippage between MCFs, while the dehydrated interface causes MCFs to fracture directly under lower strain. The platform we built provides new insights for studying the mechanism of toughening of the components in bones.This research investigated for the first time the influence of the single fractions (proteins, lipids, starch, cellulose, fibers and sugars) composing Household Food Wastes on Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA). A production at different pH (uncontrolled, 5.5 and 7.0) both the amount and profile of VFA were investigated. It was found that fractions rich in proteins and starch led to the greatest VFA productions (12-15 g/L), especially at neutral pH condition. On the contrary, fractions rich in cellulose, fibers, and sugars showed a very low VFA production ( less then 2 g/L). The chemical nature of HFW influenced the speciation of the microbial communities too. Lactobacillaceae family was highly represented in proteins-, starch-, fibers and sugars-rich substrates and Atopobiaceae, Eggerthellaceae, Acidaminococcaceae and Veillonellaceae displayed positive correlation to VFAs production. Instead, Comamonadaceae showed high relative abundance in lipids- and cellulose-rich fraction and was negatively correlated to the VFAs generation.The emphasis of this study lies in how strain SYF15 regulates molecular weight (MW) fractions of soluble microbial products (SMPs) in response to low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, with high denitrification performance (over 99%). Results indicated SMPs with MW >100 and less then 50 kDa undoubtedly participated in denitrification before 12.0 h in C/N = 2.0, while sodium acetate was preferred in C/N = 5.0, indicating strain YSF15 was induced to degrade SMPs as a carbon source in low C/N. Additionally, lower C/N activated the extracellular metabolism, with increased fluorescence regional integration (FRI) volume amplitude by 48.08 and 53.43% (versus C/N = 5.0) in MW = 50-10 and 10-3 kDa, respectively. The FRI volume of proteins yielded greater with more degradable components than higher C/N in MW = 100-3 kDa, whereas polysaccharide and protein concentrations differed little with considerable biodegradability, implying components inside protein changed dramatically. This pioneering work contributed to the understanding of denitrification with carbon source deficiency.The sulfur(thiosulfate)-driven autotrophic denitrification coupled with Anammox (SDDA) process is proposed as an emerging technology for wastewater containing NH4+-N and NO3--N. However, the influence of organic matter on the SDDA process is not fully understood.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/atn-161.html  A long-term experiment has shown that a moderate organic (acetate) (＜140 mg/L COD) can accelerate the heterotrophic/autotrophic denitrification and Anammox activity, to reach as high as 92.8% ± 0.3% total nitrogen at a loading rate of 1.34 kg-N/(m3·d). Batch test results showed that Anammox made the largest contribution to the removal of nitrogen, even in an SDDA system with COD addition. Additionally, organics can promote the bioavailability of solid sulfur through reaction with sulfide to form polysulfides, which increased nitrite accumulation to forward Anammox process. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Thiobacillus and Denitratisoma) coexisted with Anammox bacteria (e.g., Ca. Brocadia and Ca. Kuenenia) in the SDDA system despite the addition of exogenous COD.The present work was focused on the investigation of lignin isolation from saw industry biomass (sawdust (SD)) using alkali solution, and to perform economic analysis for 2000 kg/batch hypothetical plant using techno-economic analysis. The isolated lignin was fractionated using organic solvent to obtain purified lignin. FTIR and 1H NMR analysis were performed to examine the structural characteristics of lignin. Lignin nanoparticles (LN) showed higher total phenolic content (TPC) (244.1 ± 2 µg of GAE per mg) and antioxidant activity (63.2 ± 1.7%) compared with crude lignin (CL), ethanol fractionated lignin (EL), and acetone fractionated lignin (AL). SuperPro designer was exposed to design and simulated 2000 kg/batch of sawdust fractionation process. The techno-economic analysis estimated that the lignin production cost is about $ 487,000 per year, and the annual revenue could be $ 1,850,000 per year. The techno-economic analysis and sensitivity analysis could be useful for the industrial level sawdust fractionation process.