Altogether, this work identifies NPY as being crucial in coordinating energy and bone homeostasis where it suppresses energy expenditure, UCP-1 levels and lowers bone mass under conditions of cold exposure.
  To identify risk factors of postoperative cranial nerve injury (CNI) following surgical treatment of a carotid body tumor (CBT) by retrospective analysis of the data during the past decade in our center.
 
  From May 2008 to September 2018, patients who underwent CBT resections at the Department of Vascular Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, were included in the study. Demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data of patients were collected and analyzed.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nolvadex.html  Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the independent risk factors of CNI.
 
  A total of 203 CBTs were excised in 196 patients; 17.7% was classified as Shamblin I, 59.1% as Shamblin II, and 23.2% as Shamblin III. CNI after surgery occurred in 57 (28.1%) patients. Postoperative CNI, external carotid artery (ECA) ligation, internal carotid artery (ICA) reconstruction, tumor volume, and established blood loss (EBL) were significantly correlated with Shamblin classification. On univariate analysis, there were statistically significant differences in Shamblin classification (p = 0.002), tumor volume (p = 0.014), number of lymph nodes removed (NOLNR) (p < 0.001), and EBL (p = 0.019) between two groups (with and without CNI after surgery). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between CNI and Shamblin III (AOR, 4.744; 95% CI, 1.21-18.56; p = 0.025) and NOLNR (AOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 1.23-1.46 for each three-interval increase, p < 0.001).
 
  Shamblin III and NOLNR are independent risk factors of CNI for patients who undergo CBT resections.
 Shamblin III and NOLNR are independent risk factors of CNI for patients who undergo CBT resections.
  The purpose of this study was to report several novel classification systems for intra-articular lesions observed during hip arthroscopy, and to quantify the interrater reliability of both these novel systems and existing classifications of intra-articular lesions when tested by a group of high-volume hip arthroscopists.
 
  Five hip arthroscopists deliberated over shortcomings in current classification systems and developed several novel grading systems with particular effort made to capture factors important to the treatment and outcomes of hip arthroscopy for labral injury. A video learning module describing the classifications was then developed from the video archive of surgeries performed by the senior author and reviewed by study participants. Following review of the module, a pilot study was completed using five randomly selected videos, after which participating surgeons met once more to discuss points of disagreement and to seek clarification. The final video collection for testing reliability was cvelopment and refinement of multifactorial grading systems for describing labral injury are indicated. Evaluating the multifactorial nature of intra-articular lesions in the hip is an important part of intraoperative decision-making and defining reliable classifications for intra-articular lesions is a critical first step towards developing generalizable criteria for guiding treatment type.
 
  Level III.
 Level III.
  To analyse the effects of graft selection, sex, injury complexity and time to return to competition on the odds to suffer secondary ACL injury (either re-rupture or contralateral ACL tear) in professional alpine skiers.
 
  The database of a specialised joint surgery clinic was screened for professional alpine skiers who had participated in competitions at the FIS race, European Cup and World Cup level prior to having to undergo a primary ACL reconstruction, and who had returned to the same competitional level at least one year prior to the end of the observation period. The rates of secondary ACL injuries were statistically compared between athletes with hamstring and quadriceps tendon autografts, men and women, simple and complex (involvement of menisci or cartilage) primary ACL injuries, and between early (≤ 300days after primary reconstruction) and late (> 300days) returners to competition.
 
  Fourteen out of the 30 athletes included (46.7%) suffered secondary ACL injuries on average 29.4 ± 22.5months after primary reconstruction. The secondary injuries comprised five re-ruptures (16.7%) and nine contralateral ACL tears (30.0%). The odds to suffer contralateral ACL tears were non-significantly higher in patients with hamstring tendon autografts (OR 5.69, n.s.) and in those whose primary injuries were classified as simple ACL tears (OR 5.31, n.s.). None of the factors assessed was associated with the odds of graft failure.
 
  The odds of ACL-injured professional alpine ski racers to suffer secondary ACL tears are nearly 50%, with subsequent contralateral ACL injuries being more common than graft failures. While statistical significance could not be established due to a lack of power, greater odds of contralateral ACL tears were observed in athletes with hamstring tendon grafts as well as those with simple primary ACL injuries. No factors potentially predisposing athletes for graft failure could be identified.
 
  III.
 III.
  Studies have shown that the use of nonlocking (reconstruction) plates in fixing distal humerus fractures may not yield stable fixation whichtherefore requires long immobilization and suboptimal functional results. There are reports showing that locking plates are biomechanically superior to nonlocking plates. The aim of this study was to compare elbow functional outcomes between locking and nonlocking plates in fixation of distal humerus fractures.
 
  A single-centre, randomized control study was conducted at an academic level 1 trauma centre. A total of 60 patients with type 13-A fracture (AO/OTA classification) were randomized into two equal groups, locking plates group, and nonlocking plates group. The primary outcome measure was the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) at one year. Secondary outcomes measures were elbow flexion/extension arc, union, operative time, and complications (e.g., infection, heterotrophic ossification).
 
  The Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) at one year was 88 ± 10.1 in locking plates group and 75.