Diastolic function declined during follow-up in participants with T2D (mitral valve lateral E/Em increased 0.72±0.12 in women and 0.50±0.17 in men; P less then 0.01) and was significantly higher than obese controls (women, 6.65±1.89 versus 5.66±1.37; men, 6.15±1.90 versus 5.26±1.31; P less then 0.0001). Predictors of adverse changes included hypertension, obesity, female sex, Hispanic and non-Hispanic black ethnicity, worse glycemic control, and elevated heart rate. Cardiac structural abnormalities, left ventricular hypertrophy, or concentric geometry, were highest in those with T2D (15.8% versus 5.7% obese versus 0% normal weight). Conclusions Adverse changes in cardiac structure and function changed significantly from adolescence to early adulthood in participants with youth-onset T2D. Registration URL https//www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier NCT00081328.Background Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) is characterized by unexplained left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy associated with dynamic LV outflow tract obstruction. Current medical therapies are nonspecific and have limited efficacy in relieving symptoms. Mavacamten is a first-in-class targeted inhibitor of cardiac myosin, which has been shown to reduce LV outflow tract obstruction, improve exercise capacity, and relieve symptoms of oHCM in the PIONEER-HCM phase 2 study. Methods EXPLORER-HCM is a multicenter, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of mavacamten in treating symptomatic oHCM. Eligible adults with oHCM and New York Heart Association Functional Class II or III are randomized 11 to receive once-daily, oral mavacamten, or matching placebo for 30 weeks. The primary composite functional end point is clinical response at week 30 compared to baseline defined as either (1) an increase in peak oxygen consumption ≥1.5 mL/kg/min and reduction of at least one New York Heart Association class; or (2) an improvement of ≥3.0 mL/kg/min in peak oxygen consumption with no worsening of New York Heart Association class. Secondary end points include change in postexercise LV outflow tract gradient, New York Heart Association class, peak oxygen consumption, and patient-reported outcomes assessed by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and a novel HCM-specific instrument. Exploratory end points aim to characterize the effect of mavacamten on multiple aspects of oHCM pathophysiology. Conclusions EXPLORER-HCM is a phase 3 trial in oHCM testing a first-in-class, targeted strategy of myosin inhibition to improve symptom burden and exercise capacity through reducing LV outflow tract obstruction. Results of this trial will provide evidence to support the first disease-specific treatment for HCM.  https://www.selleckchem.com/CDK.html  Registration URL https//www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier NCT03470545.This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and identify the possible factors leading to infant HIV infection using a retrospective cohort study of early infant diagnosis (EID). Information on a total of 3,145 exposed infant-mother pairs was collected from the EID platform from July/2014 to December/2019. The MTCT rate was 2.1%. Spatial-temporal maps showed that rates varied by year and by region, with four districts (Baise, Guigang, Guilin, and Hechi) maintaining rates of >2.0% in 2019. The rate of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use was 94.4%, with a gradual increase in prescriptions of highly active ART (HAART) was from 83.0% in 2014 to 92.4% in 2019. A majority, 99.5% of infants were receiving artificial feeding. Factors associated with MTCT were ART use (OR = 0.065, 95%CI = 0.035-0.121) and artificial feeding (OR = 0.091, 95%CI = 0.018-0.452). HAART was more helpful in decreasing the risk of MTCT as compared to monotherapy (OR = 0.115, 95%CI = 0.014-0.933). ART during the postpartum period correlated with an increased risk (OR = 11.579, 95%CI = 1.402-95.960), when compared to use of ART during pregnancy. This study indicates that MTCT rate of HIV is decreasing meaningfully in Guangxi. Some areas still face challenges in elimination of MTCT and need further resources and interventions. Future program planning should take into consideration the fact that ART use-in particular the use of HAART or ART during pregnancy-and replacement feeding may contribute to the prevention of MTCT.Purpose To explore the trend patterns and gender disparity in global burden of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by year, age, and socioeconomic status using disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2017. Methods DALYs and impairment data caused by AMD were extracted from GBD Study 2017. World Bank income level (WBIL) and human development index (HDI) in 2017 were cited as indicators of socioeconomic status. The Gini coefficients and the concentration indexes were calculated to unveil trends in between-country inequality. The association between gender inequality and socioeconomic levels was analyzed by Pearson correlation. Results Total age-standardized DALYs of AMD showed a slightly descending pattern in recent years. However, gender disparity has existed since 1990 for almost three decades, with female being more heavily impacted. This pattern became more obvious with aging and varied among different WHO and WBIL regions. Meanwhile, female subjects tended to have higher vision impairments. Gini coefficients of AMD burden increased from 0.423 to 0.448, while the ones of female-to-male ratio fluctuated around 0.11 between 1990 and 2017, with concentration indexes changing from 0.024 to -0.057 and 0.046 to 0.029 respectively. Female-minus-male difference (r = 0.1721, p = 0.0195) and female-to-male ratio (r = 0.2072, p = 0.0048) of age-standardized DALYs rates were positively related to HDI. Conclusions Though global AMD health care is progressing, gender imbalance in disease burden of AMD distribution barely improved. Gender sensitive health policy should be emphasized for the increasing elder population and relieving the higher AMD burden of females.