https://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html 15, 95% CI 1.09, 1.22), and 18% more avoidable hospitalizations (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.01, 1.37). After adjustment for individual- (race/ethnicity, sex, number of chronic conditions, insurance status) and neighborhood-level (racial composition and proportion of housing units with no vehicle), spatial accessibility was not significantly associated with rate of health care utilization. Conclusions Individual-level predisposing factors, such as age, race, and need, attenuate the association between accessibility to primary care and use of primary care, emergency department visits, and avoidable hospitalization. Given the possibility of modifying access to primary care unlike immutable individual factors, a focus on spatial accessibility to primary care may promote appropriate health care utilization.Objectives Trauma-informed care (TIC) and violence intervention programs (VIPs) facilitate psychosocial healing and reduce injury recidivism for children and families affected by community violence. To integrate a VIP into a two Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Centers, an educational initiative was developed and co-taught by pediatricians and former patients. The primary aim was to increase provider-driven patient referrals to the VIP. A secondary aim was to improve all participants' comfort levels in five areas of TIC. Methods Referrals to the VIP from 2014-2018 were tracked and analyzed. A curriculum based on Five Points of TIC was developed and offered to interprofessional groups of hospital employees. Pediatricians and former patients recovering from violent injury facilitated the workshops. Twenty-two workshops were attended by 318 providers and hospital staff members from 2015-2018. Pre- and post-workshop surveys asked participants to rate their comfort levels with five areas of TIC. Results Provider-driven patient identification increased from 34.8% to 86.8% over the study period. For the entire cohort, participants' self-ass