Furthermore, possible mode of action, efficacy and current stage of clinical trials of various drug combinations against COVID-19 disease has also been discussed in detail. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.Heterophragma adenophyllum (HA) is an important medicinal plant which is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of muscular tension and pain. Herein, we report the isolation of methyl,1,2-dihydroxy-2-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-1-carboxylate (1), from the roots of H. adenophyllum.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk-3008348-hydrochloride.html  The isolated compound 1 was evaluated for in vivo muscle relaxant, sedative, and analgesic potential in Swiss albino mice. Results revealed that the isolated compound 1 exhibited a dose- and time-dependent muscle coordination (51%) and a significant (p  less then  01) sedative effect. It also showed a considerable (p  less then  0.5) analgesia after 30 min of post treatment and was maintained for up-to 120 min of experimental duration. In acute toxicity studies, no mortality was observed which indicates a preliminary safety of compound 1. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared with the theoretical studies by using density functional theory (DFT). The stability of the compound as well as the flow of electrons was determined by the calculated Frontier orbital analysis. The calculated stretching frequencies, 1H-NMR/13C-NMR chemical shift values and UV-visible spectra were found to be in agreement with experimental values. The results obtained from molecular docking studies were used to explore the mechanism of analgesic and muscle relaxant activity. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
  To evaluate the hypothesis that dental arch form and inter-canine, inter-premolar, and inter-molar widths differ between OSAS patients and non-snoring, non-apneic controls.
 
  Dental digital models from 64 OSAS patients and 64 control subjects were used to obtain dental arch forms and to compare them between the two groups. Arch forms were extracted from the lower arch models using a professional graphics program and an orthodontic digital template. Through an orthodontic software, inter-molar, inter-premolar, and inter-canine widths were measured for both upper and lower arches.
 
  The dental arch forms distribution differed between OSAS patients and controls. OSAS patients had reduced inter-canine, inter-premolar, and inter-molar widths for both arches compared to controls.
 
  These results suggest that OSAS patients have narrower and more tapered arches than controls. Dental arch morphology and interdental widths differ between OSAS and control groups, supporting the hypothesis that they are an etiological factor.
 These results suggest that OSAS patients have narrower and more tapered arches than controls. Dental arch morphology and interdental widths differ between OSAS and control groups, supporting the hypothesis that they are an etiological factor.In this protocol, a series of 3-benzyloxyflavone derivatives have been designed, synthesized, characterized and investigated in vitro as cholinesterase inhibitors. The findings showed that all the synthesized target compounds (1-10) are potent dual inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes with varying IC50 values. In comparison, they are more active against AChE than BChE. Remarkably, amongst the series, the compound 2 was identified as the most active inhibitor of both AChE (IC50 = 0.05 ± 0.01 μM) and BChE (IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.02 μM) relative to the standard Donepezil (IC50 = 0.09 ± 0.01 for AChE and 0.13 ± 0.04 μM for BChE). Moreover, the derivatives 5 (IC50 = 0.07 ± 0.02 μM) and 10 (0.08 ± 0.02 μM) exhibited the highest selective inhibition against AChE as compared to the standard. Preliminary structure-activity relationship was established and thus found that cholinesterase inhibitory activities of these compounds are highly dependent on the nature and position of various substituents on Ring-B of the 3-Benzyloxyflavone scaffolds. In order to find out the nature of binding interactions of the compounds and active sites of the enzymes, molecular docking studies were carried out. HIGHLIGHTS 3-benzyloxyflavone analogues were designed, synthesized and characterized. The target molecules (1-10) were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against AChE and BChE inhibitory activities. Limited structure-activity relationship was developed based on the different substituent patterns on aryl part. Molecular docking studies were conducted to correlate the in vitro results and to identify possible mode of interactions at the active pocket site of the enzyme.To overcome the obstacle of anti-cancer therapy significant attention has been drawn for improving drug delivery system. Since recent past, different approaches were applied using synthetic or natural derivatives for improving efficacy of anti-cancer drugs in cancer therapeutics. Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyphenol, which exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, but its therapeutic application was limited due to poor bioavailability and toxicity. In the present study, we had conjugated the GA with PAMAM dendrimers and proposed the insights of molecular mechanism on inhibition of cell proliferation and programmed cell death through apoptotic pathway in human colon carcinoma cells. GA was chemically conjugated with 4.0 G PAMAM dendrimer at outer surface and characterized by different biophysical methods. We further examined its bioavailability, anti-cancer activity and explored the molecular mechanism of programmed cell death signaling in HCT116 cells. The results show that PAMAM-GA conjugate inhibits cell proliferation of different origin of cancer cells, improves cellular uptake of GA, inhibits colonogenic ability, restricts cancer cell migration by down regulating the expression of MMP-9, inhibits NF-kB activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines to manifest apoptotic cell death in HCT 116 cells rather than necrosis. On other hand, PAMAM-GA conjugate showed negligible cytotoxic response as compared to the free Gallic acid to the normal cells. In conclusion, findings of this study revealed that PAMAM-GA conjugate improves the bioavailability of GA and specificity towards cancer cellsto manifests apoptotic cell death. This indispensable approach may be beneficial for the revolution of anti-cancer therapy. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.