https://www.selleckchem.com/products/geneticin-g418-sulfate.html est in developing novel RNA-based therapeutics. This comprehensive review presents pharmacology of both RNA drugs and RNA-targeted small-molecule medications, focusing on novel mechanisms of action, the most recent progress, and existing challenges. The aims of this study are to clarify the long-term outcomes of brainstem arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) after different management modalities. The authors retrospectively reviewed 61 brainstem AVMs in their institution between 2011 and 2017. The rupture risk was represented by annualised haemorrhagic rate. Patients were divided into five groups conservation, microsurgery, embolisation, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and embolisation+SRS. Neurofunctional outcomes were evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Subgroup analysis was conducted between different management modalities to compare the long-term outcomes in rupture or unruptured cohorts. All of 61 brainstem AVMs (12 unruptured and 49 ruptured) were followed up for an average of 4.5 years. The natural annualised rupture risk was 7.3%, and the natural annualised reruptured risk in the ruptured cohort was 8.9%. 13 cases were conservative managed and 48 cases underwent intervention (including 6 microsurgery, 12 embolisation, 21 SRS and 9 elar neurofunctional outcomes as conservation in these brainstem AVM cohorts. If intervention is adopted, partial obliteration should be avoided because of the high subsequent rupture risk. NCT04136860. NCT04136860. Radiofrequency (RF) denervation of the superolateral genicular nerve (SLGN), superomedial genicular nerve (SMGN) and inferomedial genicular nerve (IMGN) is commonly used to manage chronic knee joint pain. However, knowledge of articular branches captured, using classical landmarking techniques, remains unclear. In order to enhance and propose new RF procedures that conceivably capture a greater number of articular branches, more detailed cadaveric