https://www.selleckchem.com/products/thymidine.html The problems of microbial infections and the emergence of drug-resistant microbes are increasingly serious, causing countless loss of lives and economic loss. The discovery and study of host defense peptides opened a new avenue in developing antimicrobial regents, and have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Compared with natural host defense peptides, synthetic antimicrobial polypeptides can be conveniently synthesized in large scale and with low cost. Furthermore, saccharide-polypeptide conjugates have been valued for their optimal effect on antimicrobial properties and biocompatibility. In this review article, we provide an overview of the development and progress of antimicrobial polypeptides and saccharide-polypeptide conjugates regarding their structural design, biological functions and antimicrobial mechanism. By pointing out the challenges, we also provide future prospects of this research field from our perspectives.The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formation is known to play an important role in determining the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. A thin, stable SEI layer is linked to overall improved battery performance and longevity, however, the factors and mechanisms that lead to optimal SEI morphology and composition are not well understood. Inclusion of electrolyte additives (fluoroethylene carbonate, FEC; and vinylene carbonate, VC) is often necessary for improving SEI characteristics. To understand how these electrolyte additives impact SEI formation, molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) simulations were employed to study the reaction networks and oligomerization pathways, respectively, for three systems containing ethylene carbonate (EC), a lithium ion, and FEC or VC. MD simulations suggest radical oligomerization pathways analogous to traditional oligomerization with nucleophilic alkoxide species via SN1 reaction mechanisms. Both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms w