This study aims to explore the age-related changes in cerebral cortex activation and functional connectivity (FC) during finger-to-thumb opposition movement based on video games (FTOMBVG).
 
  A electronic fingercot was developed for FTOMBVG. The oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Delta [HbO]) signals, measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), were recorded from prefrontal cortex (PFC), motor cortex (MC) and occipital lobe (OL) of two groups of subjects (old and young).
 
  The cognitive region of the old group showed bilateral activation, while the young group only showed unilateral activation. Both groups showed a wide range of bilateral activation in the motor region. The FC between cognitive region and motor region of the old group was enhanced considerably.
 
  Changes in cerebral cortex activation and the FC of different brain regions in the old group help explain the decline in cognitive executive and motor control function in the old from the perspective of brain functional structure, and provide a theoretical reference for the prevention of neural diseases caused by aging.
 Changes in cerebral cortex activation and the FC of different brain regions in the old group help explain the decline in cognitive executive and motor control function in the old from the perspective of brain functional structure, and provide a theoretical reference for the prevention of neural diseases caused by aging.During osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), myelin and oligodendrocyte are lost according to specific patterns in centro- or extra-pontine regions. In both experimental model of ODS and human cases, brain lesions are locally correlated with the disruption of the blood brain-barrier (BBB).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Nutlin-3.html  The initiation, the degree and the duration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening as well as its contribution to brain damages are still a matter of debate. Using a panel of intravascular tracers from low- to high- molecular weight (from 0.45 kDa 150 kDa), we have assessed the BBB permeability at different timings of ODS induced experimentally in mice. ODS was mimicked according to a protocol of rapid correction of a chronic hyponatremia. We demonstrated that BBB leakage towards smallest tracers Lucifer Yellow (0.45 kDa) and Texas Red-dextran (3 kDa) was delayed by 36 h compared to the first clues of oligodendrocyte loss (occurring 12 h post-correction of hyponatremia). At 48 h post-correction and concomitantly to myelin loss, BBB was massively disrupted as attested by accumulation of Evans Blue (69 kDa) and IgG (150 kDa) in brain parenchyma. Analysis of BBB ultrastructure verified that brain endothelial cells had minimal alterations during chronic hyponatremia and at 12 h post-correction of hyponatremia. However, brain endothelium yielded worsened alterations at 48 h, such as enlarged vesicular to tubular-like cytoplasmic profiles of pinocytosis and/or transcytosis, local basal laminae abnormalities and sub-endothelial cavities. The protein expressions of occludin and claudin-1, involved in inter-endothelial tight junctions, were also downregulated at 48 h post-correction of hyponatremia. Our results revealed that functional BBB opening occured late in pre-established ODS lesions, and therefore was not a primary event initiating oligodendrocyte damages in the mouse model of ODS.
  Smoking mixtures containing synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have become very popular over the last years but pose a serious risk for public health. Limited knowledge is, however, available regarding the acute effects of SCs on cognition and psychomotor performance. Earlier we demonstrated signs of impairment in healthy volunteers after administering one of the first SCs, JWH-018, even though subjective intoxication was low. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the acute effects of JWH-018 on several cognitive and psychomotor tasks in participants who are demonstrating representative levels of acute intoxication.
 
  24healthy cannabis-experienced participants took part in this placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Participants inhaled the vapor of 75μg JWH-018/kg body weight and were given a booster dose if needed to induce a minimum level of subjective high. They were subsequently monitored for 4h, during which psychomotor and cognitive performance, vital signs, and subjective experience were measured, and serum concentrations were determined.
 
  Maximum subjective high (average 64%) was reached 30min after administration of JWH-018, while the maximum blood concentration was shown after 5min (8ng/mL). JWH-018 impaired motor coordination (CTT), attention (DAT and SST), memory (SMT), it lowered speed-accuracy efficiency (MFFT) and slowed down response speed (DAT).
 
  In accordance with our previous studies, we demonstrated acute psychomotor and cognitive effects of a relatively low dose of JWH-018.
 In accordance with our previous studies, we demonstrated acute psychomotor and cognitive effects of a relatively low dose of JWH-018.
  Disorders characterized by dysfunction of glucose metabolism are often comorbid with depression. The current study investigated whether a hypoglycemic state caused by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) can result in anhedonic behaviors responsive to stimulation of monoamine activity.
 
  In experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for maintenance of intra-oral self-administration (IOSA) of a sweet solution after pre-treatment with 300 or 500mg/kg 2-DG, a blocker of glucose metabolism. Experiment 2 determined whether exposure to an environment previously paired with the effects of 2-DG (0, 200 or 300mg/kg) can influence IOSA, and whether 2-DG can modify taste reactivity to same sweet solution. Finally, experiment 3 examined whether 0 or 30mg/kg bupropion, a monoamine-reuptake blocker, would attenuate the effect of 300mg/kg 2-DG on IOSA and taste reactivity.
 
  It was found that 2-DG produced a sustained decrease in IOSA when animals were tested drug-free. This decrease in IOSA did not appear linked to place conditioning or to alterations in taste reactivity, and it was partially normalized by pre-treatment with bupropion.
 
  Taken together, these results in rats suggest that rapid hypoglycemia can induce an anhedonic state characterized by impaired consummatory responses to nutritional incentive stimuli and that can be alleviated by the antidepressant bupropion.
 Taken together, these results in rats suggest that rapid hypoglycemia can induce an anhedonic state characterized by impaired consummatory responses to nutritional incentive stimuli and that can be alleviated by the antidepressant bupropion.