Brain metastases are the major cause of adult malignant nervous system tumors. For this part of population, treatment options are limited and the prognosis is poor. In recent years, immunotherapy based on inhibitors of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death receptor ligand 1 (PD-L1), have brought innovation to the treatment of malignant tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Encouraging results have suggested that ICIs could be active in selected advanced NSCLC brain metastases with driver-negative patients. However, for patients with brain metastases, not only the corresponding clinical data are limited, but also the evaluation of its efficacy lacks a unified standard. This article aims to review the relevant efficacy evaluation standards and their application in clinical researches, compare the similarities and differences, and look forward to future trends.
.Inhibition of immune checkpoints is at the forefront of immunotherapy for lung cancer. However, a high percentage of lung cancer patients do not respond to these immunotherpy or their responses are transient, indicating the existence of immune resistance. Emerging evidence suggested that the interactions between cancer cells and immune system were continuous and dynamic.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ro-3306.html  Here, we review how a range of cancer-cell-autonomous characteristics, tumor-microenvironment factors, and host-related influences account for heterogenous responses. Furthermore, with the identification of new targets of immunotherapy and development of immune-based combination therapy, we elucidate the methods might useful to overcome resistance.
  Lung cancer is the highest incidence of cancer in the world, which seriously threatens human health. Early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer is particularly important for the survival of lung cancer patients. Serum tumor markers have been widely used as an important method for early diagnosis of tumor. However, there are few early diagnostic markers for lung cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression level of Lipocalin-2 and its clinical significance in serum of patients with lung cancer.
 
  The serum levels of Lipocalin-2 in 60 lung cancer patients and 63 healthy people were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the relationship between the expression level of Lipocalin-2 and the clinical characteristics of lung cancer was analyzed.
 
  The expression level of Lipocalin-2 in peripheral blood serum of patients with lung cancer was significantly higher than that of healthy people, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). The expressghly expressed in serum of patients with lung cancer, which is related to pathological differentiation, stage and lymph node metastasis. It is expected to become a potential new tumor marker for clinical diagnosis of lung cancer.
  This study was conducted to enhance our understanding of nitrogen (N) metabolism and mammary amino acid (AA) utilization in lactating cows with divergent phenotypes of residual feed intake (RFI).
 
  Fifty-three multiparous mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were selected for RFI measurements over a 50-d experimental period. The 26 cows with the most extreme RFI values were classified into the high RFI (n =13) and low RFI (n =13) groups, respectively, for analysis of N metabolism and AA utilization.
 
  Compared with the high RFI cows, the low RFI animals had lower dry matter intake (P < 0.01) with no difference observed in milk yield between the two groups (P > 0.10). However, higher ratios of milk yield to dry matter intake (P < 0.01) were found in the low RFI cows than in the high RFI cows. The low RFI cows had significant greater ratios of milk protein to metabolizable protein (P = 0.02) and milk protein to crude protein intake than the high RFI cows (P = 0.01). The arterial concentration and mammary uptake of essential AA (P < 0.10), branched-chain AA (P < 0.10), and total AA (P < 0.10) tended to be lower in the low RFI cows. Additionally, the low RFI cows tended to have a lower ratio of AA uptake to milk output for essential AA (P = 0.08), branched-chain AA (P = 0.07) and total AA (P = 0.09) than the high RFI cows.
 
  In summary, both utilization of metabolizable protein for milk protein and mammary AA utilization are more efficient in cows with lower RFI than in the high RFI cows. Our results provide new insight into the protein metabolic processes (related to N and AA) involved in feed efficiency.
 In summary, both utilization of metabolizable protein for milk protein and mammary AA utilization are more efficient in cows with lower RFI than in the high RFI cows. Our results provide new insight into the protein metabolic processes (related to N and AA) involved in feed efficiency.
  Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf has been found to be an important source of protein, vitamins, minerals, as well as phytonutrients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Chaya leaf pellet (CHYP) with various level of protein of concentrate (CP) on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrient degradability.
 
  In an in vitro rumen fermentation study the dietary treatments were arranged according to a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement in a Completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of Factor A three levels of CP of concentrate mixtures (14, 16 and 18 %CP, respectively) and Factor B five levels of CHYP supplementation (at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% of dry matter substrates).
 
  The gas production kinetics, fraction (a) and fraction (b) were lower (p<0.05) with an increasing CHYP addition. Additionally, the fraction (a + b) was found to yield a significant interaction (p<0.05) while the fraction (c) was not impacted by CHYP addition. However, in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) was enhanced and inted CHYP as a promising feed supplement to enhance rumen fermentation and to mitigate methane production. However, in vivo feeding experiments should be subsequently conducted to elucidate the effect of CHYP supplementation on rumen fermentation, as well as ruminant production efficiency.