1-109.4%), and precision (%RSDs ≤ 9.3%). Limits of detection and quantitation were in the ranges of 20 to 80 and 70 to 250 μM, respectively. Feasibility of the newly developed device was demonstrated for in-field analysis of QACs in fumigation solution providing comparable results with those obtained from a colorimetric assay (P > 0.05). The proposed device shows potentials for further applications of other analytes since it offers speed, simplicity, and affordability for in-field analysis, especially in remote areas where expertise, resources, and infrastructures are limited. Graphical abstract.BACKGROUND Refixation with resorbable implants is a common surgical treatment in patients who suffer an injury with shearing of an osteochondral flake due to trauma of the knee or the upper ankle joint. To date there are no studies which outline long-term outcomes for this procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results after refixation with resorbable polylactide (PLLA) implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study 12 patients with 13 injuries were examined 13.9 years (±1.2 years) after refixation of an osteochondral fragment of the knee (10 patients) and the upper ankle joint (2 patients) with a mean size of 3.33 cm2 (±2.33) by resorbable polylactide (PLLA) implants (nails, pins, screws, Bionx, Tampere, Finland). To objectify the clinical results eight established clinical scores (VASS, Tegner, Lysholm, McDermott, KSS, WOMAC, AOFAS, FADI+Sports) were used. Furthermore, the morphological integration of bone and cartilage was assessod clinical and morphological results shown by MRI, refixation through resorbable implants (PLLA) can be recommended for treatment of traumatic osteochondral flakes.River water quality monitoring at limited temporal resolution can lead to imprecise and inaccurate classification of physicochemical status due to sampling error. Bayesian inference allows for the quantification of this uncertainty, which can assist decision-making. However, implicit assumptions of Bayesian methods can cause further uncertainty in the uncertainty quantification, so-called second-order uncertainty. In this study, and for the first time, we rigorously assessed this second-order uncertainty for inference of common water quality statistics (mean and 95th percentile) based on sub-sampling high-frequency (hourly) total reactive phosphorus (TRP) concentration data from three watersheds. The statistics were inferred with the low-resolution sub-samples using the Bayesian lognormal distribution and bootstrap, frequentist t test, and face-value approach and were compared with those of the high-frequency data as benchmarks. The t test exhibited a high risk of bias in estimating the water quality statistics of interest and corresponding physicochemical status (up to 99% of sub-samples). The Bayesian lognormal model provided a good fit to the high-frequency TRP concentration data and the least biased classification of physicochemical status ( less then  5% of sub-samples). Our results suggest wide applicability of Bayesian inference for water quality status classification, a new approach for regulatory practice that provides uncertainty information about water quality monitoring and regulatory classification with reduced bias compared to frequentist approaches. Furthermore, the study elucidates sizeable second-order uncertainty due to the choice of statistical model, which could be quantified based on the high-frequency data.Total mercury (THg) and selenium (TSe) levels were measured in stomach contents (SC) and twelve tissues of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) occurring in three high-elevation lakes of Colorado, USA, inhabiting watersheds absent past and current mining activities. For 32 of 36 tissues, including muscle, mean THg wet weight (ww) concentrations were greater than in the diet (SC) for all sites, indicating biomagnification. Ranges of THg (µg/kg ww) for SC and stomach tissue (ST) were 1.23-73.54 and 14.55-61.35, respectively. Selenium concentrations in fish muscle were not greater than in the SC indicating a trophic transfer factor  less then  1.0. However, in several other tissues, mean Se dry weight (dw) levels were greater than in SC for all three lakes. Ranges of TSe for SC and ST were 166-7544 and 797-7523 (µg/kg dw), respectively. The muscle to egg/ovary ratio for Se averaged 2.30, 4.60, and 2.68 for the three populations. The variability of SC (planktonic vs. benthic) and differential distributions of THg and TSe in SC and organ-tissues generated questions focusing on the seasonal, physiological, and genetic drivers of these organometal(loid)s in subalpine trout.PURPOSE To determine the effect of cognitive-motor dual-task load on temporal structure irregularity (complexity) of motor output and task performance of submaximal isometric contractions. METHODS Twelve young, sedentary subjects performed handgrip isometric contractions until failure at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction under mathematical self-regulated dual-task (own pace; SDT), regulated dual-task (imposed pace; RDT), and control.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lys05.html  Force signal complexity was calculated by sample entropy at the initial, middle, and final thirds. Task performance was assessed by muscle fatigue (time to failure and rate of median frequency of the radial flexor of the carpus), force and math task error, and self-perceived difficulty. RESULTS Only RDT decreased complexity with respect to control (17.4% ± 12.6%, p = 0.005), all conditions decreased complexity by the final third (Control 52.8% ± 18.7%, p  less then  0.001; SDT 41.1% ± 32.1%, p = 0.003; RDT 19.1% ± 21.9%, p = 0.035). Conditions did not affect time to failure, and only RDT decreased the rate of median frequency (0.1%/s ± 0.1%/s, p = 0.020). Inferior force error rate was increased by conditions (SDT 1.5% ± 0.8%, p  less then  0.001; RDT 2% ± 1.5%, p = 0.002). Math error was only augmented by RDT (from 9.9 ± 6.7 to 51.7 ± 18.8, p  less then  0.001), categorized as "very hard" in 85.7% of participants (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Only the RDT condition reduced complexity and neuromuscular fatigue while increasing force error rate of the handgrip's motor output, without affecting time to failure. A highly demanding dual-task may become a strategy to modify the organization of the hand force motor output, which may contribute to its motor adaptations.