https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Pomalidomide(CC-4047).html Proteins are perhaps the most important yet frustratingly complicated and difficult class of compounds to analyze, manipulate, and use. One very attractive option to characterize and differentially concentrate proteins is dielectrophoresis, but according to accepted theory, the force on smaller particles the size of proteins is too low to overcome diffusive action. Here, three model proteins, immunoglobulin G, α-chymotrypsinogen A, and lysozyme, are shown to generate forces much larger than predicted by established theory are more consistent with new theoretical constructs, which include the dipole moment and interfacial polarizability. The forces exerted on the proteins are quantitatively measured against well-established electrophoretic and diffusive processes and differ for each. These forces are orders of magnitude larger than previously predicted and enable the selective isolation and concentration of proteins consistent with an extremely high-resolution separation and concentration system based on the higher-order electric properties. The separations occur over a small footprint, happen quickly, and can be made in series or parallel (and in any order) on simple devices.On graphite, friction is known to be more than an order of magnitude larger at step edge defects as compared to on the basal plane, especially when the counter surface slides from the lower terrace of the step to the upper terrace. Very different mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including atomic interactions between the counter surface and step edge (without physical deformation) and buckling or peeling deformation of the upper graphene terrace. Here, we use atomic force microscopy (AFM) and reactive molecular dynamic (MD) simulations to capture and differentiate the mechanisms proposed to cause high friction at step edges. AFM experiments reveal the difference between cases of no deformation and buckling de