https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cobimetinib-gdc-0973-rg7420.html ry. Few academic orthopaedic surgery faculty and admitted orthopaedic residency candidates have additional graduate school training. The low percentage of orthopaedic faculty and trainees with additional advanced degrees relative to other specialties may represent a missed opportunity to recruit individuals with diverse skills to advance the field of orthopaedic surgery.A 63-year-old man sustained a Jefferson fracture and was treated nonoperatively by a separate treating surgeon. Because of the symptomatic malalignment and nonunion after 6 months of nonsurgical management, the patient was seen for a second opinion. Occiput to C3 arthrodesis was performed. Postoperatively, the patient was diagnosed with a bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy. Hypoglossal nerve injuries after cervical spine fractures and posterior cervical procedures are a very rare occurrence. This is the first case report of a bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy following occipitocervical arthrodesis. The purpose of this study was to determine which nonsurgical treatments patients believe are most effective for managing pain secondary to hip and knee arthritis. Five hundred sixty-five consecutive patients were administered an anonymous questionnaire developed in consultation with a center with expertise in survey design. Statistical analyses included Student t-test, Fisher Exact, Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, and generalized cost-effectiveness analysis. Four hundred thirty-six patients completed the questionnaire (response rate 77.2%). Opioids (52 of 118; 44.1%), prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (67 of 200; 33.5%), and corticosteroid injections (87 of 260; 33.5%) were reported as most effective. Stem cell and platelet-rich plasma injections were selected by three of 12 (25.0%) and three of 15 patients (19.5%), respectively, and physical therapy (PT) by 50 of 257 patients (19.5%). Twenty-five percent of respondents r