https://www.selleckchem.com/products/deg-77.html IPS predicted surgeons who make critical errors and need remediation interventions. No metrics showed Kirkpatrick's Level 4 evidence of technical skills training benefit to emergency surgery outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Expert benchmarks, errors, complication rates, task completion time, task-specific checklists, global rating scales, Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills, and IPS were found to identify surgeons, at all levels of seniority, who are in need of remediation of technical skills for open surgical hemorrhage control. Large-scale, multicenter studies are needed to evaluate any benefit of trauma technical skills training on patient outcomes. BACKGROUND Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are being used increasingly in microvascular breast reconstruction. However, it is unclear as to what extent the benefits outweigh the costs. We hypothesized that an ERAS pathway for microvascular breast reconstruction would be cost-effective relative to the standard of care. STUDY DESIGN A decision-analytic model was made incorporating clinically relevant health states after microvascular breast reconstruction with ERAS vs standard of care. Probabilities and utility scores were abstracted from published sources, and a third-party payer perspective was adopted. Time-driven activity-based costing was used to map and estimate costs attributed to ERAS. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the results. RESULTS The results of 5 studies, totaling 986 patients, were pooled to generate health state probabilities. ERAS was found to be dominant, being both less expensive and more effective than standard of care. On sensitivity analysis, ERAS becomes cost-ineffective (incremental cost-utility ratio > $50,000/quality-adjusted life year) at an amount > $19,336.75. Length of stay would have to be reduced from 5.96 days to 3.36 days for standard of care to become cost-effective. Monte-Carlo ana