https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sn-001.html However, we conducted only RNA-seq analysis, and no confirmation of significant up-regulation or down-regulation has been conducted. These results suggest that these genes were up-regulated for induction of the offensive phenotype and down-regulated for induction of the defensive phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that possible gene duplications of PRL and CALCA have occurred during amphibian evolution. Based on these findings, it is suggested that a trade-off of molecular signaling pathways exists between the two distinct phenotypic expressions. The results also suggest that hormonal-gene duplications might have contributed to the acquisition of phenotypic plasticity in amphibians.To satisfy their requirements for food and safety, animals need certain habitats to live. Marmots generally select habitats with certain elevation, land surface temperature, soil and vegetation type, and certain mountain slope and aspect; however, what habitats are needed at relatively smaller scales are poorly known. The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) is distributed mainly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a region exhibiting diversified topographic features, and the Zoige wetland in the northeast part of the plateau is also the home of the Himalayan marmot. The region is famous for its plateau peat bog, and the suitable habitats for Himalayan marmots are patchily distributed in the wetland. To investigate what kinds of patches are preferred by the marmot in this wetland ecosystem, we measured and compared the soil and vegetation characteristics of used and unused patches. We found that unlike factors governing the habitat selection at macroscales, patches characterized by flat ground and low soil moisture content, with medium vegetation standing height and low vegetation density, are selected in the Zoige wetland. Patches of this kind are selected to meet the marmots' requirements for burrow construction and predator avoidance