Membrane chromatography is gradually emerging as an alternative to conventional column chromatography. It alleviates some of the major disadvantages associated with the latter, including high-pressure drop across the column bed and dependence on intraparticle diffusion for the transport of solute molecules to their binding sites within the pores of separation media. In the last decade, it has emerged as a method of choice for final polishing of biopharmaceuticals, in particular, monoclonal antibody products. The relevance of such a platform is high in view of the constraints with respect to time and resources that the biopharma industry faces today.This protocol describes the steps involved in performing HTPD of a membrane chromatography step. It describes the operation of a commercially available device (AcroPrep™ Advance filter plate with Mustang S membrane from Pall Corporation). This device is available in 96-well format with a 7 μL membrane in each well. We will discuss the challenges that one faces when performing such experiments as well as possible solutions to alleviate them. Besides describing the operation of the device, the protocol also presents an approach for statistical analysis of the data that are gathered from such a platform. A case study involving the use of the protocol for examining ion-exchange chromatography of the Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (GCSF), a therapeutic product, is briefly discussed. This is intended to demonstrate the usefulness of this protocol in generating data that are representative of the data obtained at the traditional lab scale. The agreement in the data is indeed very significant (regression coefficient 0.9866). We think that this protocol will be of significant value to those involved in performing high-throughput process development of membrane chromatography.Chromatographic separation serves as "a workhorse" for downstream process development and plays a key role in the removal of product-related, host-cell-related, and process-related impurities. Complex and poorly characterized raw materials and feed material, low feed concentration, product instability, and poor mechanistic understanding of the processes are some of the critical challenges that are faced during the development of a chromatographic step. Traditional process development is performed as a trial-and-error-based evaluation and often leads to a suboptimal process. A high-throughput process development (HTPD) platform involves the integration of miniaturization, automation, and parallelization and provides a systematic approach for time- and resource-efficient chromatographic process development. Creation of such platforms requires the integration of mechanistic knowledge of the process with various statistical tools for data analysis. The relevance of such a platform is high in view of the constrainicant (regression coefficient 0.93). We think that this protocol will be of significant value to those involved in performing the high-throughput process development of the chromatography process.Protein Biotechnology is an exciting and fast- growing area of research, with numerous industrial applications. The growing demand for developing efficient and rapid protein purification methods is driving research and growth in this area. Advances and progress in the techniques and methods of protein purification have been such that one can reasonably expect that any protein of a given order of stability may be purified to currently acceptable standards of homogeneity. However, protein manufacturing cost remains extremely high, with downstream processing constituting a substantial proportion of the overall cost. Understanding of the methods and optimization of the experimental conditions have become critical to the manufacturing industry in order to minimize production costs while satisfying the quality as well as all regulatory requirements. New purification processes exploiting specific, effective and robust methods and chromatographic materials are expected to guide the future of the protein purification market.Ultrasonography is known to have many applications in the diagnoses of diseases, as well as in guiding medical practitioners through precise medical procedures. However, its use as a post-mortem radiographic modality has been limited. Post-mortem ultrasonographic techniques are considered to be a safer alternative to high-risk post-mortem procedures, especially in infectious diseases. The present communication discusses the possibilities of using ultrasonography in post-mortem examinations in times of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to minimize the associated risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection of those working in mortuaries during full-body dissection in traditional autopsies. Post-mortem ultrasonography can be useful in reducing the extent of autopsies, thus decreasing the risk of exposure of forensic personnel.Cost-effectiveness analysis has been advocated and is widely used to inform policy and decision makers in setting priorities for resource allocation. Since the costs and effects of health care interventions are uncertain, much research interest has focused on handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis. The most widely used method to summarize uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis is the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, which estimates the probability that an intervention is cost effective for a wide range of threshold ratios. However, by estimating the uncertainty associated with incremental costs and effects, information about the uncertainty associated with the costs and effects of the individual programs is lost, which may be important to inform risk-averse decision makers. In the present paper, we suggest to penalize the expected net monetary benefit (NMB) of a program for its downside risk (i.e. bad risk), which preserves the uncertainty of the individual programs and rank orders programs according to their risk-adjusted NMB. The cost-effectiveness risk-aversion curve (CERAC) is introduced, which estimates the net benefit-to-risk ratio for a wide range of threshold rations.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dihexa.html  The CERAC is a helpful additional tool to inform decision and policy makers who are risk averse, and can easily be constructed using the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis.