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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/r428.html Due to the poor controlled release ability, bio-based materials are difficult for large scale application on controlled release fertilizers (CRFs). Starch-based polyol (SP) and castor oil (CO) were mutually modified, and a cross-linked polymer film was formed on the surface of urea by in-situ reaction, which improved the slow release ability of the bio-based material. The results showed that increasing the CO ratio reduced porosity of coating and prolonged the nitrogen (N) release period, while the SP changed the high-temperature wrinkle characteristics and regulated the early N release rate. The mutual modification achieved an ultra-long release period of bio-based CRUs for 7 months. The degradation rate during nine months of bio-based coatings (5.05 %) was significantly higher than that of petroleum-based (3.74 %), and the coating was non-toxic to rice seeds. Mutual modification provided a safe and effective solution for the preparation of bio-based CRFs with long-term controlled release capability.The CO2/CO32- chemistry of the cellulose/NaOH(aq) solutions has been recently reported to comprise a CO2 incorporation through formation of a transient cellulose carbonate intermediate along with cellulose - CO32- interactions. This work explores on molecular interactions arising when this chemistry is brought together with urea, the most common stabiliser of these solutions. 1H, 13C and steady-state heteronuclear Overhauser effect NMR studies on the cellulose analogues (methyl-β-glucopyranoside (β-MeO-Glcp) and microcrystalline cellulose), combined with pH and ATR-FTIR measurements, reveal concurrent interactions of urea with both CO2 and CO32-- leading to increased uptake of CO2 and a buffering effect. Yet, regardless of the presence of urea, the route of conversion from CO2 to CO32-, whether going through reaction with the carbohydrate alkoxides or OH-, is likely to determine the chemical environment of the formed CO32-.

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