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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bicuculline.html Advancement in dysphagia intervention is hindered by our lack of understanding of the neural mechanisms of swallowing in health and disease. Evoking and understanding neural activity in response to normal and disordered swallowing is essential to bridge this knowledge gap. Building on sensory evoked potential methodology, we developed a minimally invasive approach to generate swallow evoked potentials (SwEPs) in response to repetitive swallowing induced by citric acid stimulation of the oropharynx in lightly anesthetized healthy adult rats. The SwEP waveform consisted of 8 replicable peaks within 10 milliseconds immediately preceding the onset of electromyographic swallowing activity. Methodology refinement is underway with healthy rats to establish normative SwEP waveform morphology before proceeding to models of advanced aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately, we envision that this experimental protocol may unmask the pathologic neural substrates contributing to dysphagia to accelerate the discovery of targeted therapeutics. © The Authors 2020.Objective To describe outcomes after cartilage-sparing wide local excision for primary melanoma of the external ear. Study Design Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing external ear melanoma excision using a cartilage-sparing approach at a university-based tertiary care center between 2010 and 2018. Setting University-based tertiary care center. Subject and Methods Chart review was performed for all patients over age 18 who were treated for melanoma of the external ear at Massachusetts Eye and Ear between 2010 and 2018. Patients with melanoma in situ or with melanomas in noncartilaginous areas of the ear (eg, lobule) were excluded. Results A total of 8 patients underwent cartilage-sparing excision. Sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed in 7 patients, with positive lymph nodes in 1 of 7 cases. Positive margins and local recurrence occurred i

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