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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nocodazole.html Amyloids are associated with human disease. However, they are also exploited by nature for functional purposes. Functional amyloids have inspired amyloid-based biomaterials for different nanotechnologies. Early soluble species in the fibrillation pathway seem to be the primary elicitors of cytotoxicity, instead of fibrils. Organisms have evolved dedicated mechanisms to avoid toxicity during the assembly of functional amyloids. In their absence, artificial amyloid-based nanomaterials might also produce toxic intermediates. We show here that even when the building blocks of artificial amyloids are small, polar, and compositionally simple, their early soluble assemblies are extremely cytotoxic, causing cell death through mechanisms identical to those of disease-associated proteins. Our results raise safety concerns about the use of non-natural amyloid-based materials without a rigorous characterization of their fibrillation pathway. Besides, the simple, cheap, and easy to synthesize peptides we use here might turn very useful to understand the molecular determinants behind amyloid cytotoxicity.Dissolved black carbon (DBC) is an important component of dissolved organic matter pool; however, its photochemical properties are not fully understood. In this study, we determined the excited triplet-state quantum yields of DBC (3DBC*) and 1O2 quantum yields (Φ1O2) of six diverse DBCs using sorbic alcohol, 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (TMP), and furfuryl alcohol and compared the results with quantum yields of reference natural organic matters (NOMs). The average Φ1O2 of six DBCs (4.2 ± 1.5%) was greater than that of terrestrial NOM (2.4 ± 0.3%) and comparable to autochthonous NOM (5.3 ± 0.2%). Using TMP as a probe for oxidizing triplets, DBC presented significantly higher apparent quantum yield coefficients for degrading TMP (fTMP) than the reference NOM, reflecting that the fTMP values of low-energy 3DBC* were approximately 12-fold

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