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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gkt137831.html CONCLUSION Alcohol and tobacco dependents showed gingival inflammation, and less than half of them showed oral mucosa changes. Twenty-one protein candidates for biomarkers of oral disorders were identified in saliva. The two major oral disorders in number of candidates for biomarkers were head and neck cancer and periodontal disease. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.Bacopa monnieri (L.) is widely used in Ayurvedic medicine as a neural tonic for improving intelligence and memory. Several studies highlighted its efficacy in neuropsychiatric diseases but there is no evidence regarding anhedonia. Aim of the present work was to preclinically and clinically test against anhedonia a standardized B. monnieri extract (20% bacosides). In a mouse model of a depressive-like syndrome induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the daily administration of the extract (50-200 mg kg-1 , p.o.) for 1 week, dose-dependently counteracted the immobility time in Porsolt and Tail suspension tests (p  less then  .01). At the sucrose preference test (directly related to the ability for feeling pleasure) the extract treatment (100 and 200 mg kg-1 ) counteracted the reduction of sucrose intake induced by LPS (p  less then  .01). Moreover, B. monnieri significantly reduced cytokines, cortisol, and artemin LPS-dependent alterations in plasma while increased the brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels (p  less then  .05). The efficacy of the same extract was tested in a clinical study in which 42 patients with significant degree of anhedonia (evaluated as Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale [SHAPS] score ≥ 3) were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups and treated with citalopram or citalopram associated with B. monnieri (300 mg bid) for 4 weeks. The Pears Sample T-test showed a significant improvement (p  less then  .05) in relevant scales (Hamilton depression rating scale, SHAPS, and strength

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