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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pemigatinib-incb054828.html l indications with improved patients' outcomes.The prevalence of valvular infective endocarditis (IE) is increasing and is burdened by high mortality and morbidity. Despite the higher risk, the surgical approach is superior to medical therapy alone, and over the years there has been a more aggressive attitude, with earlier indications for surgery. This article aims to review the available literature and the American and European guidelines in order to summarize the most appropriate surgical timing for valvular IE. Although there are discrepancies between the guidelines, an emergent indication (10 mm should be operated early (within a few days). If any micro-organisms are isolated, including fungi or multi-resistant organisms in native IE or staphylococci or gram-negative pathogens in prosthesis IE, a more watchful approach (within 2 weeks) should be evaluated. In the presence of large cerebral embolic strokes or cerebral hemorrhage, re-evaluation at 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, is more appropriate. A multidisciplinary approach, especially in the most complex cases, seems to improve the outcome.Key words. Heart valve dysfunction; Heart valve repair; Heart valve replacement; Heart valve surgery; Infective endocarditis; Timing of surgery.Infective endocarditis is an increasingly common disease in the hospital setting. Although the 2015 guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology deal extensively with many aspects of infective endocarditis, there are still unsolved problems related to diagnosis, in particular to the appropriate use of cardiac imaging methods, that require further study. The aim of this review is to analyze the advantages and limitations of the echocardiographic, radiological and nuclear imaging methods in order to identify diagnostic pathways applicable in clinical practice.Although the indications for surgical management of severe functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) are now gener

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