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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bms-986205.html RESULTS Separation between WT and non-WT populations was poorer at early incubation times than following standard incubation. Editing of rapid automated AST results after 6 and 8 h incubation with time-adapted breakpoints resulted in 84.0% and 88.5% interpretable results with assignment to the resistant or susceptible category. Major error and very major error rates for the 6 h readings were only 0.4% and 0.3%, virtually identical to those of 18 h AST reading. CONCLUSIONS Time-adapted clinical breakpoints in disc diffusion testing for Enterobacterales allow for accurate automated AST interpretation after shortened incubation times for a large number of antibiotics, with the additional possibility of subsequent confirmation after 18 h incubation. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Mendelian randomization (MR) is widely used to unravel causal relationships in epidemiological studies. Whereas multiple MR methods have been developed to control for bias due to horizontal pleiotropy, their performance in the presence of other sources of bias, like non-random mating, has been mostly evaluated using simulated data. Empirical comparisons of MR estimators in such scenarios have yet to be conducted. Pleiotropy and non-random mating have been shown to account equally for the genetic correlation between height and educational attainment. Previous studies probing the causal nature of this association have produced conflicting results. METHODS We estimated the causal effect of height on educational attainment in various MR models, including the MR-Egger and the MR-Direction of Causation (MR-DoC) models that correct for, or explicitly model, horizontal pleiotropy. RESULTS We reproduced the weak but positive association between height and education in th

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