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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/stemRegenin-1.html Spectral reflectometry is a spectroscopic measurement technique based on thin-film interference, which has been widely applied in industries to measure thicknesses of thin dielectric layers at the nanoscale. Recent advances in the understanding of biological nanostructures have opened a new field of spectral reflectometry in biomedicine from molecular level sensing to biomedical imaging. This chapter comprehensively covers the relevant topics on spectral reflectometry in biomedicine from its principle to applications.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a three-dimensional (3-D) optical imaging technology that provides noninvasive, micrometer resolution images of structural interiors within biological samples with an approximately 1 ~ 2 mm penetration depth. Over the last decades, advances in OCT have revolutionized biomedical imaging by demonstrating a potential of optical biopsy in preclinical and clinical settings. Recently, functional OCT imaging has shown a promise as angiography to visualize cell-perfused vasculatures in the tissue bed in vivo without requiring any exogenous contrast agents. This new technology termed OCT angiography (OCTA) possesses a unique imaging capability of delineating tissue morphology and blood or lymphatic vessels down to capillaries at real-time acquisition rates. For the past 10 years since 2007, OCTA has been proven to be a useful tool to identify disorder or dysfunction in tissue microcirculation from both experimental animal studies and clinical studies in ophthalmology and dermatology. In this section, we overview about OCTA including a basic principle of OCTA explained with simple optical physics, and its scan protocols and post-processing algorithms for acquisition of angiography. Then, potential and challenge of OCTA for clinical settings are shown with outcomes of human studies.After the emergence of the ultrasound, X-ray CT, PET, and MRI, photoacoustic tomography (PA

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