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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/r-hts-3.html Objectives To investigate the effect of deletion of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) on the function of dendritic cells (DC) in septic mice and its role in sepsis. Methods Septic models of DC-specific ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9) deficient (UBC9ΔDC) mice and wild type (WT) mice with cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) were established. The differences in 7-day mortality of the mice were analyzed. Bacteria loads of blood, liver, and spleen were tested. ELISA was used to detect the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α in plasma and culture medium of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). The levels of cytokine IFN-γ and IL-4 in supernatant of spleen mononuclear cells were detected by ELISA.The expressions of MHC II, CD54, and CD80 on the cell surface of DC were analyzed by flow cytometry. The percentages of Th1, and Th2 cells in spleen mononuclear cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the WT septic mice, the 7-day mortality of UBC9ΔDC septic mice was higher (P0.05). Levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were increased in UBC9ΔDC septic mice, and the ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 were significantly decreased in UBC9ΔDC septic mice (all P less then 0.05). Conclusions Deletion of SUMOylation may increase the mortality of mice with sepsis through regulating the release of inflammatory factors from DC and abnormal activation of T cells by DC.Objective The objective of this study was to compare caffeine consumption in the morning, afternoon, and evening in adolescents with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and examine associations with sleep functioning. Methods Participants were 302 adolescents (ages 12-14) with (N = 140) and without (N = 162) ADHD. Adolescents wore actigraph watches to assess total sleep time and wake after sleep onset and reported on sleep-wake problems and the number of caffeinated beverages consumed per day in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Parents r

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