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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/piperacillin.html Specific forms of fatty acids are well known to have beneficial health effects, but their precise mechanism of action remains elusive. Phosphatidic acid (PA) produced by phospholipase D1 (PLD1) regulates the sequential stages underlying secretory granule exocytosis in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells, as revealed by pharmacological approaches and genetic mouse models. Lipidomic analysis shows that secretory granule and plasma membranes display distinct and specific composition in PA. Secretagogue-evoked stimulation triggers the selective production of several PA species at the plasma membrane near the sites of active exocytosis. Rescue experiments in cells depleted of PLD1 activity reveal that mono-unsaturated PA restores the number of exocytotic events, possibly by contributing to granule docking, whereas poly-unsaturated PA regulates fusion pore stability and expansion. Altogether, this work provides insight into the roles that subspecies of the same phospholipid may play based on their fatty acyl chain composition.DNA binding allosterically activates the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP [cGAMP] synthase) to synthesize 2'3'-cGAMP, using Mg2+ as the metal cofactor that catalyzes two nucleotidyl-transferring reactions. We previously found that Mn2+ potentiates cGAS activation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that Mn2+ directly activates cGAS. Structural analysis reveals that Mn2+-activated cGAS undergoes globally similar conformational changes to DNA-activated cGAS but forms a unique η1 helix to widen the catalytic pocket, allowing substrate entry and cGAMP synthesis. Strikingly, in Mn2+-activated cGAS, the linear intermediates pppGpG and pGpA take an inverted orientation in the active pocket, suggesting a noncanonical but accelerated cGAMP cyclization without substrate flip-over. Moreover, unlike the octahedral coordination around Mg2+, the two catalytic Mn2+ are coordinate

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