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https://www.selleckchem.com/ The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had devastating global impacts and will continue to have dramatic effects on public health for years to come. A better understanding of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for the application and development of therapeutics. The degree to which the innate immune response confers protection or induces pathogenesis through a dysregulated immune response remains unclear. In this review, we discuss what is known about the role of the innate immune system during SARS-CoV-2 infection, suggest directions for future studies, and evaluate proposed COVID-19 immunomodulating therapeutics.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Without approved antiviral therapeutics or vaccines to this ongoing global threat, type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are currently being evaluated for their efficacy. Both the role of IFNs and the use of recombinant IFNs in two related, highly pathogenic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, have been controversial in terms of their protective effects in the host. In this review, we describe the recent progress in our understanding of both type I and type III IFN-mediated innate antiviral responses against human coronaviruses and discuss the potential use of IFNs as a treatment strategy for COVID-19.CD133 marks self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) in a variety of solid tumors, and CD133+ tumor-initiating cells are known markers of chemo- and radio-resistance in multiple aggressive cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM), that may drive intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Here, we report three immunotherapeutic modalities based on a human anti-CD133 antibody fragment that targets a unique epitope present in glycosylated and non-glycosylated CD133 and studied their effects on targeting CD133+ cells in patient-derived models of GBM. We generated an immunog

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