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Microbes play a vital role in ecosystem stability. Here, microbes-Acacia association is discussed with particular reference to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) which help in the establishment of crop-plants, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The association helps to restore the structural composition of soil from the hazardous impact of agrochemicals, increase resistance against various pathogenic attack as well as several abiotic stresses. Further, a comparative account of microbes found in the rhizosphere of Acacia is illustrated. Among these, Rhizobia, Acetobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Trichoderma were described in detail. All these microbes can be regarded as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizospheric Microbes (PGPM), some of PGPM are Phosphate Solubilizing Microbe (PSM). Both of them help AMF for infecting mycorrhizal hyphae inside the plant cell. Overall, microbes can be used as biofertilizers along with other organic compounds, that can compensate for the nutrient's availability. The Punjab urial (Ovis vignei punjabiensis) is an endangered wild sheep of Pakistan, raised in captivity with the aim of re-introduction. To date, no information is available about population trends of this species in captivity. The current study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the population trend to better guide captive breeding for improved productivity and conservation value. Annual population data recorded and maintained by the Wildlife Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, were used. The data were compiled and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2010 for determining growth rates and package Growthcurver in R-version 3.5.1 was used to produce a graphical representation of the population trend. The overall average annual population growth rate was rN = 0.22. Results revealed a fast initial growth rate with an average value of rN = 0.4 per year. Birth rates of bN = 0.45 for the first nine years were considerably higher than the death rates dN = 0.22 and the population increased with exponential growth. In the subsequent year, very high mortalities rates (dN = 1.2), likely attributed to the clumping of the population, resulted in the collapse of the population, leaving it in a state of unstable equilibrium. Results support the evaluation of management data to reveal carrying capacity in captive populations, to guide and inform appropriate release of surplus animals into natural habitats. Results support the evaluation of management data to reveal carrying capacity in captive populations, to guide and inform appropriate release of surplus animals into natural habitats. The modern-day eggplant consumers desire varieties with a higher content of chlorogenic acid, but the cultivated varieties of eggplant are with a lower content of chlorogenic acid. Whereas, the wild relatives of eggplant are higher in phenolic acids. Therefore, this study characterized the cultivated eggplant and its wild relatives for the fruit dry matter content, total fruit phenolics and chlorogenic acid content. Fruits of the accessions of cultivated eggplant, one primary genepool species, nine secondary genepool species and three tertiary genepool species were characterized for dry matter content (%), total phenolics and the fruit chlorogenic acid content (mg g-1). The chlorogenic acid content in the fruit flesh was determined by using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Highest content of dry matter content of around 29% was determined for the species S. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0449.html tomentosum and S. elaeagnifolium. Whereas, the highest content of total fruit phenolics were determined in the secondary genepool species S. linnaeanum. The most top content of chlorogenic acid around 4.5 mg g-1 of fruit dry weight was present in the species S. linnaeanum and S. torvum. Different clustering approaches were able to cluster the primary genepool species with the cultivated eggplant. Overall, this work provides important information about the wild relatives of eggplant concerning their dry matter content, total phenolics and chlorogenic acid content. This information can be used to engineer eggplant varieties rich in fruit phenolics. Overall, this work provides important information about the wild relatives of eggplant concerning their dry matter content, total phenolics and chlorogenic acid content. This information can be used to engineer eggplant varieties rich in fruit phenolics. Using agro-industrial waste in animal diet became a new strategy in the animal feeding system to decrease the cost of nutrition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of usage tomato pomace, citrus and beet pulp in dried form in diets on the performance of lactating buffaloes and milk quality. Fifteen milking Egyptian buffaloes at the second and third seasons of lactation were divided into five groups (3 animals in each) to fed on five experimental rations. The experimental rations were R1(control group) fed on Concentrate Feed Mixture (CFM1) contains 20% wheat bran+roughage, R2 CFM2 replacement wheat bran 10% Dried Tomato Pomace (DTP) and 10% Citrus Pulp Dried (CPD)+roughages, R3 fed CFM2 with 15 g fibrolytic enzyme/head/day+roughages, R4 Fed CFM3 replacement wheat bran 10% DTP and 10% Dried Beet Pulp (DBP)+roughages and R5 CFM3 with 15 g fibrolytic enzyme/head/day+roughages. Tested by-products observed different effects of nutrients digestibility and nutritive values comparing with control ration. There was no significant difference in fat corrected milk and milk fat among treatments. Polyunsaturated fatty acids especially C182c and C183n3 were recorded highly significant values with ration four. Rations 4 and 5 led to increased blood albumin, total protein. It could be concluded that tomato pomace, citrus and beet pulp could be used as alternative sources to replace wheat bran in buffalo's rations without adverse effects on milk yield with positive effects on milk quality and fatty acids profile. It could be concluded that tomato pomace, citrus and beet pulp could be used as alternative sources to replace wheat bran in buffalo's rations without adverse effects on milk yield with positive effects on milk quality and fatty acids profile.
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