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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwr-1-endo.html [This corrects the article DOI 10.3389/fnins.2019.00423.]. Copyright © 2020 Bubbico, Chiacchiaretta, Parenti, di Marco, Panara, Sepede, Ferretti and Perrucci.Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are the third generation of neural networks and can explore both rate and temporal coding for energy-efficient event-driven computation. However, the decision accuracy of existing SNN designs is contingent upon processing a large number of spikes over a long period. Nevertheless, the switching power of SNN hardware accelerators is proportional to the number of spikes processed while the length of spike trains limits throughput and static power efficiency. This paper presents the first study on developing temporal compression to significantly boost throughput and reduce energy dissipation of digital hardware SNN accelerators while being applicable to multiple spike codes. The proposed compression architectures consist of low-cost input spike compression units, novel input-and-output-weighted spiking neurons, and reconfigurable time constant scaling to support large and flexible time compression ratios. Our compression architectures can be transparently applied to any given pre-designed SNNs employing either rate or temporal codes while incurring minimal modification of the neural models, learning algorithms, and hardware design. Using spiking speech and image recognition datasets, we demonstrate the feasibility of supporting large time compression ratios of up to 16×, delivering up to 15.93×, 13.88×, and 86.21× improvements in throughput, energy dissipation, the tradeoffs between hardware area, runtime, energy, and classification accuracy, respectively based on different spike codes on a Xilinx Zynq-7000 FPGA. These results are achieved while incurring little extra hardware overhead. Copyright © 2020 Xu, Zhang, Liu and Li.Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders in aging. Hyposmia ha

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