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1, 95% CI 2.9-5.8, P < 2× 10 ]. In cancer types that showed no relationship between CD8 T-cell levels and neoantigen load, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and glioma, TMB-H tumors failed to achieve a 20% ORR (ORR= 15.3%, 95% CI 9.2-23.4, P= 0.95), and exhibited a significantly lower ORR relative to TMB-L tumors (OR= 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.88, P= 0.02). https://www.selleckchem.com/autophagy.html Bulk ORRs were not significantly different between the two categories of tumors (P= 0.10) for patient cohorts assessed. Equivalent results were obtained by analyzing OS and by treating TMB as a continuous variable. Our analysis failed to support application of TMB-H as a biomarker for treatment with ICB in all solid cancer types. Further tumor type-specific studies are warranted. Our analysis failed to support application of TMB-H as a biomarker for treatment with ICB in all solid cancer types. Further tumor type-specific studies are warranted. An effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 will reduce morbidity and mortality and allow substantial relaxation of physical distancing policies. However, the ability of a vaccine to prevent infection or disease depends critically on protecting older individuals, who are at highest risk of severe disease. We quantitatively estimated the relative benefits of COVID-19 vaccines, in terms of preventing infection and death, with a particular focus on effectiveness in elderly people. We applied compartmental mathematical modelling to determine the relative effects of vaccines that block infection and onward transmission, and those that prevent severe disease. We assumed that vaccines showing high efficacy in adults would be deployed, and examined the effects of lower vaccine efficacy among the elderly population. Our mathematical model was calibrated to simulate the course of an epidemic among the entire population of British Columbia, Canada. Within our model, the population was structured by age and levels of older age groups following vaccination. Effective vaccines deployed to a large fraction of the population are projected to substantially reduce infection in an otherwise susceptible population. However, even if transmission were blocked highly effectively by vaccination of children and younger adults, overall mortality would not be substantially reduced unless the vaccine is also directly protective in elderly people. We strongly recommend (i) the inclusion of people aged 65 years and over in future trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates; (ii) careful monitoring of vaccine efficacy in older age groups following vaccination.The inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) offers limited protection when two influenza B lineages co-circulate or when there is a vaccine mismatch (i.e., discordance in the predominant circulating B strain and WHO-recommended B strain). Inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) may reduce the burden of influenza. Here, we report the results of a phase 3 clinical trial that evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of a novel QIV, GC3110A, in Korean children aged 6-35 months, which has been approved and is currently in use in Korea. The study involved two parts. In Part 1, the safety of GC3110A was evaluated in 10 subjects. After none of the subjects reported grade 3 adverse events (AEs), we proceeded to Part 2. Part 2 was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 3 trial wherein we compared the immunogenicity and safety of GC3110A with those of a licensed control TIV. Immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring hemagglutination inhibition titers. The 200 participants enrolled in Part 2 were randomized in a 41 ratio to receive GC3110A or control TIV. The study vaccine group met both primary (i.e., the lower limit of 95% confidence interval [CI] of the seroconversion rate exceeds 40% for four strains) and secondary (i.e., the lower limit of 95% CI of the seroprotection rate exceeds 70% for four strains) immunogenicity endpoints. There was no significant between-group difference in the seroconversion rate, seroprotection rate, and geometric mean titer for the shared strains. However, the study vaccine group demonstrated significantly higher immunity for the additional strain B/Yamagata. In the safety analysis, there was no significant between-group difference in the proportion of participants with solicited local AEs, solicited systemic AEs, and unsolicited AEs. In conclusion, the results indicate that GC3110A has comparable immunogenicity and safety to those of TIV. Clinical Trial Registry Number NCT03285997. The first outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in decades occurred in a high school dormitory in 2011. This report aims to describe the results of the IMD outbreak investigation and to discuss current issues of IMD in Japan. We conducted an epidemiological and microbiological investigation against the IMD outbreak of serogroup B among students and staff in a high school dormitory. Information on patients was collected to analyze risk factors for IMD. Control measures and public health actions were summarized. Three cases of meningitis and two cases of bacteremia were identified. Freshmen (15-16years old) living in the dormitory with preceding cough were high-risk populations in this outbreak. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and porA gene sequencing results revealed that all isolates were closely related to each other and had deep similarities to the domestic circulating meningococcal strain. The outbreak was terminated after promptly implementing control measures. Based on the results of our investigation, from April 2013, national infectious disease surveillance started to target meningococcal bacteremia as part of IMD, in addition to meningococcal meningitis, which was newly designated as a category II school infectious disease under the School Health and Safety Act. This outbreak has enhanced public health measures against IMD in Japan. The development of national guidelines for appropriate public health interventions on the IMD outbreak response including chemoprophylaxis is still needed. This outbreak has enhanced public health measures against IMD in Japan. The development of national guidelines for appropriate public health interventions on the IMD outbreak response including chemoprophylaxis is still needed.
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