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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ifenprodil-tartrate.html 00-1.77). Among the studies which used cotinine as a biomarker for SHS exposure, a lower pooled OR (OR = 1.16, 95%CI = 1.01, 1.33) was observed between cotinine and ADHD in children. Our meta-analysis results suggested that SHS exposure may be a risk factor for ADHD. We also found that SHS exposure may be associated with some adverse behavioral outcomes. More prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the relationship between SHS exposure and ADHD in children.The pathophysiology behind the instigation and progression of scoliosis in Chiari malformation type I (CMI) patients has not been elucidated yet. This study aims to explore the initiating and progressive factors for scoliosis secondary to CMI. Pediatric patients with CMI were retrospectively reviewed for radiological characteristics of tonsillar herniation, craniocervical anomaly, syrinx morphology, and scoliosis. Subgroup analyses of the presence of syrinx, scoliosis, and curve progression were also performed. A total of 437 CMI patients were included in the study; 62% of the subjects had syrinx, and 25% had scoliosis. In the subgroup analysis of 272 CMI patients with syrinx, 78 of them (29%) had scoliosis, and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that tonsillar herniation ≥ 10 mm (OR 2.13; P = 0.033) and a clivus canal angle ≤ 130° (OR 1.98; P = 0.025) were independent risk factors for scoliosis. In the subgroup analysis of 165 CMI patients without syrinx, 31 of them (19%) had scoliosis, and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that a clivus canal angle ≤ 130° (OR 3.02; P = 0.029) was an independent risk factor for scoliosis. In the subgroup analysis of curve progression for 97 CMI patients with scoliosis, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that anomalies of the craniocervical junction and syrinx were not risk factors for curve progression. Many complex factors including craniocervical angulation, tonsillar herniat

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