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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pnd-1186-vs-4718.html Objective Caffeine (CAF) is one of the most commonly consumed nutritional stimulant in beverages. Interestingly, CAF produces varied effects in a dose-dependent manner, and that makes it one of the most controversial nutritional ingredients. Various studies have linked CAF consumption and reduced risk of depressive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CAF on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and depressive-like behaviour.Methods C57BL/6J male mice were divided into four groups consisting of saline (SAL), LPS, CAF and Imipramine (IMI). Animals were pretreated orally with CAF (10 mg/kg) and IMI (10 mg/kg) for 14 days once daily and all groups except SAL were challenged with LPS (0.83 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 14.Results LPS produced a biphasic behavioural response with a significantly high immobility time and weight loss after 24 h. The brain cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) levels were remarkably high, along with increased lipid peroxidation and reduced Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). These biochemical and behavioural changes were significantly alleviated by CAF and IMI chronic treatment.Conclusion The results of this study implicate that mild-moderate consumption of CAF could impart anti-inflammatory properties under neuroinflammatory conditions by modulating the cytokine and neurotrophic mechanisms.Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-2 selective adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat hypertension and to control or prevent withdrawal in patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders. Case reports describe abuse of clonidine alone or in combination with benzodiazepines, methadone, codeine, or heroin. Clonidine reportedly boosts and extends the opioid-related euphoria and reduces the amount of psychoactive drug needed. In this case report, we describe clonidine abuse and withdrawal management in an elderly patient with concurrent opioi

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