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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html We report that trivalent cobalt hexammine cations decrease the persistence length, stretching modulus, helical density, and size of plectonemes formed under torque of DNA but increase those of RNA. Divalent magnesium cations, however, decrease the persistence lengths, contour lengths, and sizes of plectonemes while increasing the helical densities of both DNA and RNA. The experimental results are explained by different binding modes of the cations on DNA and RNA in our all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The significant variations of the helical densities and structures of DNA and RNA duplexes induced by high-valent cations may affect interactions of the duplexes with proteins.Constraints play an important role in the entanglement dynamics of many quantum systems. We develop a diagrammatic formalism to exactly evaluate the entanglement spectrum of random pure states in large constrained Hilbert spaces. The resulting spectra may be classified into universal "phases" depending on their singularities. The simplest class of local constraints reveals a nontrivial phase diagram with a Marchenko-Pastur phase which terminates in a critical point with new singularities. We propose a certain quantum defect chain as a microscopic realization of the critical point. The much studied Rydberg-blockaded or Fibonacci chain lies in the Marchenko-Pastur phase with a modified Page correction to the entanglement entropy. Our results predict the entanglement of infinite temperature eigenstates in thermalizing constrained Floquet spin chains, as we confirm numerically.Magnets with chiral crystal structures and helical spin structures have recently attracted much attention as potential spin-electronics materials, but their relatively low magnetic-ordering temperatures are a disadvantage. While cobalt has long been recognized as an element that promotes high-temperature magnetic ordering, most Co-rich alloys are achiral and exhibit coll

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