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https://www.selleckchem.com/products/apcin.html About 25 golf courses in Ontario, Canada have environmental compliance approvals to use reclaimed water for irrigation, where disinfection is confirmed through E. coli limits. A previous study at five Ontario municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) confirmed that enteric viruses are less susceptible to disinfection than E. coli, when plants provided conventional (secondary or tertiary) treatment and routine (chlorine or UV) disinfection. Here we query whether these four treatment-disinfection scenarios plus 60-day lagoon storage of disinfected effluent would be sufficient to reduce norovirus genogroups I and II (NoV GI and GII) risk of infection to tolerable levels for a golfer who incidentally ingests NoV after handling wet golf balls at a golf course irrigated with reclaimed water. We used our RT-qPCR NoV enumeration datasets from the four treatment-disinfection scenarios above and modeled detected and non-detected NoV by Bayesian inference in 'R'. Monte Carlo simulation included pre-disinfection NoV e.g., the extent of NoV particle aggregation resulting from wastewater treatment, as well as the role of immunity. Meantime, regulatory agencies could consider more stringent treatment-disinfection requirements that target enteric viruses rather than E. coli and testing of actual reclaimed irrigation waters.A novel pilot-scale system based on aerobic granular sludge (AGS) as a biological treatment step was proposed to treat refractory wastewater from a membrane manufacturer. The components of the system included a microelectrolysis Fe-C filter, a hydrolysis acidification bioreactor (HA), sequence batch reactor 1 (AGS SBR1), sequence batch reactor 2 (AGS SBR2), and a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The Fe-C filter effectively improved the biodegradability of the wastewater components and introduced some byproducts (such as Fe2+, Fe3+, and Fe minerals) that are beneficial for the cultivation and stability of the AGS. Idea

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